Barcelona Grid System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barcelona Grid System - Essay ExampleThe active trend socially and economically draw the city out of its walls and at the end of the thirteenth century another wall was built more or less the new settlements known as viles noves (new houses). Around the 14th century another stretch of walls began to be constructed. Architects such as Antoni Gaudi in the latter half of the 19th century planned extension of the city on a rigid grid system (History of Barcelona).The grid system occupies space in the form of elegant constructions and wide roads. While this raises the aesthetic feel it aggravates the requirement of modern constructions where space is at premium (Architecture). immediately the city of Barcelona is fabulous and one of the costliest in the world to live in. It has beautiful buildings, a university, museum, wide roads, hotels, and play courses. The city is a marvel and it beckons the world from its pristine Mediterranean shores.

Establishment of Unique State Language in Office Work Essay Example for Free

Establishment of Unique State Language in Office Work EssayAc cutledgementWe want to ac recognizeledge our p arnts for participating and helping us to idle words a inter computenaire in the defer institutions in Astana. Also we would like to thank Saltanat secretary of head of regime for distri andion of questionnaires among respondents and operate actions in delivering results to Almaty.AbstractNowadays the materialisation of dustups is one of the most actual, disputable. That is wherefore g every go forthning body tries to cleanse the conditions of state language. This year new fair play was created it states that alone documentations moldiness be written in Kazakh. This agitate caexercising many another(prenominal) disputes and discussions and lives more popular. As an actual sales outlet this problem was chosen by the authors of search. The inquiry question what is the messpoint of Astana citizens to disposal of unique state language in post cut bac k? Research objectives argon to inquire into views of slew to this law, envision the advantages and disadvantages of convince, to regulate the bushel of transition on the process of clobber. After analyzing contingent consequences, hobby explore scheme was made bulk would digest ostracise point of view on the government.In enact to achieve more power the instrument of follow design questionnaire was chosen. It was conducted among 20 pack the inhabitants of Astana who travel in the state institutions, because change of language in the office work impacts them directly. Convenience sampling was used, because authors chose merely closest persons as respondents. At the base of results of questionnaire it was effectuate that 70% of pot have positive, 25% neutral, 5% negative attitude to the change. Thus, the results of questionnaire shows that the authors hypothesis was non reassert it was defined that race have positive viewpoint on the ecesis, as well at t hat place is no some any difficulties connected with the change and it does non impact on the process and quality of the work.I. IntroductionA. Reasons for initiate ResearchFor almost 300 eld Kazakhstan was under the pressure of neighbour Russia, so since it was happened our cultural riches began to eradicate. Language was almost lost, and nobody knew what would be in the future. Unfortunately, the most powerful and developing province Soviet Union fell to pieces (Akishev, 1996). So, since from 1990 year in that location were born new countries. And Kazakhstan was non exception. Like a new-sprung(a) baby, country started to do its first steps. In this way new constitution was created. Kazakh is a state language, and Russian is authoritative says the constitution of Kazakhstan. But this year new law took place since 2007 year any documentations must be in Kazakh, it states. But is the country with only half Kazakh-speaking inhabitancies ready to this change, how the mult inational population entrust react to it? This is our issue. The government made a decision, but can we manage with it?Only 1000 well-mannered servants of 5000 can speak Kazakh in advance or can do office work in it, documentation instantly executes in Russian and only after that it translates into Kazakh. It is right to ask a question what testament follow after this erectment? Consequences may be different but more evident thing that there will be many difficulties because of un kip downing language. With this poor condition the procedure of work will delay, consequently, the standards, the value of work will decrease. The change of language of office work will lead to inequality of non Kazakh-speaking population. Because of this its important to enquire this issue. After analyzing possible consequences, following research hypothesis was made the attitude of major population of Astana has negative point of view on this change of language of office work in Kazakh.B. Resear ch MethodsIn order to achieve more efficiency from research survey is using here. To investigate convey attitudes of people the work need statistics, numerical data, withal the viewpoints, position, suggestions of Astana people must be considered in the work. So, survey design is the best way to reach the most systematic exclusivelyy organized point here. Also questionnaire is being consumed as instruments of research. It was chosen because, in order to determine the views of people and situation in the country, quantitative method will be helpful. The data and facts that they will throw away may help to solve partly our problem.As it is written in previous, statistics is necessary, and questionnaire may recrudesce new data and numbers, so it is helpful in this area, specific questions in questionnaire (open-ended) the opportunity to determine the exact point of view of people and their suggestions. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first one is written in order to investigate social status of people and legislate demographic data. The second sections aim is to shape the attitude of the person to the plaque of unique state language in the office work. The questionnaire was held on the consequence 14-16 of June in Astana. 20 people working in the state establishments were respondents of the questionnaire. The type of the research was primary, convenience proficiency was used.. Research StructureThe research root is carve up into the six following chapters Introduction this part of the research presents brief description of the research, reasons for undertaking it and methods which will be used during this research. Review of the literature this part of the research is dedicated to inorganization that was found in appropriate literature in order to describe problems of establishment the unique language in the office work. Field research results is a descriptive part of work, where authors should entrust only description of results that they receive from questionnaire or/an interview. Analysis and discussion in this part of research paper alone instruction presented before will be analyzed and will be tried to define future outlook of the industry and investors decision that can be taken. Conclusion authors make a sum-up of the research paper.Bibliography sources that were used in writing research. Appendices include the questionnaire paper and interview paper.II. Literature reviewA. diachronic background of Kazakh languageThe gold book of history of Kazakhs includes following pages at the beginning of xviii blow west part of present territory of Kazakhstan started to join to Russian Empire. In spite of resistance of Orta and Uly Juzes during nigh hundred years all regions of country wholly became a piece of neighbour state. Since that time by the order of imperator Russian Empire Alexander I commenced the change of ruling power they chose the heads of juzes. In the 30-40es of XVIII century fortresses w ere built at the boarders of Kazakhstan. Russian-speaking people started to immigrate into the Kazakh land. So, these were the first steps of colonization indemnity and active exchange of culture, widely spreading of Russian language and slowing down of Kazakh. (Kozybayev,1995).After formation of the Soviet Union in 1917, the discrimination of all nations with their culture and language that existed on the territory of USSR took place. regime of state was the creation of unified society, where were the one constitution of USSR, which named Russian the single language of communication. From that period in different parts of the biggest country of the world the policy of inculcation of Russian language started. This process was the ideology, which was considered by government of Russia. Following 70 years lead to the almost wholly losing of native language. As an casing of it in 1954 when virgin land started to build up 640.000 people from early(a) countries of Union came to KazSS R. As a consequence of it new educational establishments were built, but with this immigration only in south region of country 700 Kazakh schools were closed, children stayed without needed education.Also the names of water-lands were changed in Russian, in order to make more comfortable the smell of our guests. With this problem of eradication of folk wealth controlmd not only Kazakhstan, but other 12 countries of USSR, e peculiar(prenominal)ly Moldova, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Georgia, etc (Akishev, Baipakov, 1996). So, after colonization for almost 300 years young independent Republic of Kazakhstan had to face with problem of wholly reconstruction of society, policy and economy of country. As a consequence of this dependence became following data according to Agency of Statistics from 01.01.2004 the population of country is comprise to 14,952 million people 57, 19 % Kazakhs, 27, 24% Russians, 3, 14% Ukrainians, 2, 74% Uzbeks and other 120 nationalities. For the present time about 3 million Kazakhs do not complete their native language. 64,4 % of population possess with Kazakh, when 84,8% speak Russian (Agency of statistics of RK , 2004).B. Status of Kazakh language nowadaysWith getting sovereignty in 1991 Republic of Kazakhstan got opportunity to raise its national wealth. So, the new constitution from thirtieth August of 1995, in the 7th article of the first part (general provisions) of it states 1. the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazak language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazak language. 3. The state shall promote conditions for the study and development of the languages of the people of Kazakhstan. (Constitution of RK, 1995).C. Problems and discussions on the issue consort to B. Omarov (2005) the head of Committee on problems of language of Ministry of teaching, culture and sport in correspondents of State prog ramme of forge and development of languages for 2001-2010 years, affirmatived by decree of the president of RK from 07.02.2001 550 in all regions of democracy conduct measures of halting-placely change of office work on the state language. Because of this office work of 5 regions (Kyzylorda, Zhambyl, South-Kazkahstan, Atyrau, and Mangistau) was fully translated on state language. On the base of schedule of stagely translation of office work on state language cultivated republic agenda and brought in consideration of Government of RK. In accordance to this graphic from 01.01.2010 is expected fully translation of office work on state language. Due to this law there have been appeared problems of discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people in the country.Nowadays volume of people ask question, such what this change will lead to? correspond to Martha Brill Olcott (1997), there is a strong sense of disquiet among many of the countrys ethnic Russians, who feel that the break-up of the USSR has turned a familiar country into an alien one, and has left them as second-class citizens in what they themselves perceive as their native land. And the translation of language in office work will by chance grow gap between Kazakhstans Kazakhs and European communities. But specialists advise not to confuse. As Dariga Nazarbayeva states (2006), the change of language will not lead to discrimination of not-Kazakh-speaking people. Russian will stay as an official language. What just people should do to learn about hundred of words and do documentations basing on them? Akim of Almaty I. Tasmagambetov (2005) and deputy, poet M. Shahanov (2005) become intimate in the opinion that world experience of states shows that presence of native language impact on stability, security of independent country.Our principal(prenominal) aim is to raise the status of using Kazakh on the level of Russian. That is why akims actively accept the new law. They claim that the wealth that our anc estors gave to people should be kept. But there are some opposite points of view on this theme. Some non-Kazakh parts of population of RK call back that government tries to slow eradicate other nations from the land of Kazakhs. Some people, like O. Suleimenov (2005) the representative of RK in UNESCO thinks that republic is not stock-still ready for this change. This change may causes problems of leaving the country of other nations. At first, think this part of country, we should dress the fundament, prepare people to recreate grammar of language, to type reliable text books, in order to make easier the perusal deeply and efficiently the language.At that time the minister of education and science B. Aitimova (2006) states that state program of Kazakh language for 2001-2010 is developing. She claims that 77% of schools are in Kazakh or mixed. But state Secretary O. Abdikarimov does not agree with that by saying that 500 million tenge was given from budget, nevertheless, ther e are no results. The minister culture and information Y. Ertisbaev (2006) he offers to make social polls. So, after some time, the problem will be partly solved. heavysetThus, there are many views on the issue of changing language of office work in Astana. Arguments of both sights are very strong they were confirmed with statistics and prognoses of the critics. In discussions of the problem play role all social classes of Kazakhstan, because of this issue relates to all citizens of our country. Although there is no exact answer at the present time, but research will give it in the near future.III. Field research (Questionnaire results)A. General informationThe research question of present work is intended to find out what is the viewpoint of Astanas citizens to the establishment of unique state language in office work. Thus, in order to obtain useful statistics and find out what are the precise attitudes of people on this issue, given questionnaire was conducted by researches. T he field research was divided into three parts, which will allow to the reader comfortably find useful information (indirect data parking area information, direct specific material). At the period 14-16 of June in state institutions of Astana 20 people, who have regular work place, have been asked by researches. Target population of the research is adults from 18 years old, in which 11 are female and 9 are male. As respondents were the closest available people, convenience sampling was used.B. demographic (indirect) dataAt the process of work the category of age of respondents was divided into four parts 18-25 (10%), 25-35 (35%), 35-50 (50%), over 50 (5%). 80% are Kazakhs and 20% are Russian respondents. From chart 1 it can be seen that the level of knowing of Kazakh and Russian languages among 20 people picResearches have investigated that 50 per cent of people know Kazakh in advance, 35 colloquial and 15 % do not speak on state language, eon 90 % of people know Russian in adv ance and 10% colloquially. board 1 shows the component degree of people who knows foreign languages and what are that languages. Language Percentage English 25% German 25% Belarusian 5% Dont know other language 45% Table 1.The low-down part speaks English, another Germany, while 5 % know Belarusian and other 45% do not know any foreign language. It was investigated that all 20 people have high education, from which 14 people studied in Russian (70%) and 6 in Kazakh (30%). The chart 2 shows the in what language people mostly proclaim with each otherpicHalf of respondents communicate in Russian, when 30% talk in Kazakh and 20% of people speak on both languages. At the process of work it was defined that all 20 people have full-time permanent work place, 19 (95%) are state workers, and 1 (5%) is a member of join-stock company. C. Attitudes of people (direct data)The chart 3 demonstrates the position of people toward the establishment. pic 80% of people think that it is right to establish such innovation, 15 % has neutral position and 5% are against the law. 70% of respondents have positive point of view to the establishment, 25% are neutral and 5% have negative attitude. From 20 people, who was asked, 12 (60%) are expressed willingness to do office work in Kazakh, while 8 (40%) people are not ready to such work. Percentage of people who faced with office work in Kazakh Faced 60% Dont faced 40% From table 2 you may see that 60% of respondents have faced with doing office work in Kazakh while 40% do not. Table 2From table 3 you may find out the percentage level of kinds of spreading of information about the establishment of unique language in the office work. 36,4 % of respondents have got information from work, 20% from relatives, 18,2% from friends, 15,6% with mass-media, 3,2% from another sources, while 6,6% do not know about this law. Kinds of Percentage Spreading of info Relatives 20% Friends 18.2% Mass-media 15.6% At work36.4% Other 3.2% Do nt know about this law 6.6% Table 3.It was investigated in table 4 that change of language of office work for half of respondents has not any impact, 40% did not give answers, 5% do not know and on 5% has influence. The influence on work Percentage No 50% Yes 5% Do not know 5% Do not give answers 40% Table 4It was defined that 45% of people have not faced with any difficulties on work because of this establishment, 15% have some problems, and 40% did not give answers. It was investigated that the administration of state institutions have provide some conditions in order to prepare personnel to the establishment for 40% of respondents, and 60% have not got any programmes. People have book of factsed such conditions like providing CDs, preparing lessons, electronic portal, programmes. 35% are satisfied with conditions that government provides, 15% not utilized, 10% is neutral and 40% did nit give answers.To the open-ended questions 90% respondents have given different answers, 10 % preferred do not mention any suggestions. The majority of respondents suggested creating of courses, which will give opportunity to workers improve the level of knowing Kazakh. 20% of people were for establishment, but it was mentioned that this reform should be executed gradually. Another 20% have demonstrated desire to establish this law, because it is the time to raise the authority of state language. Someone was against establishment, and other, vice versus, suggested compulsory change language from Russian to Kazakh.D. SummaryIn spite the fact that most of people know more Russian that Kazakh, and that they communicate in Russian, it was investigated in generally that people have positive position to this establishment. There is a insufficiency of preparing courses, but people disposed well.IV. Analysis and discussionUnivariate analysisThe research question of present work is what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office wo rk in Kazakhstan? After analyzing possible consequences the hypothesis stated that people would have negative point of view on the change of the language in the office work. a. Analyzing demographic data. As the change of language takes place in the state establishments, 95% of respondents were chosen from them. At the process of work it was investigated that the level of knowing Russian of 20 people, who were conducted the questionnaire, is higher than Kazakh 100% know official language, while 15% do not know state language at all.In spite the fact that everyone knows Russian and the major part 85% of people know Kazakh, only the half part speak in Russian and 20% use only Kazakh, while 30% speak on both languages. Thus, ignoring the fact that the majority people know Kazakh, language of communication among people still is mostly Russian. b. Analyzing attitudes of people to the establishment (questionnaire, literature review). The main luff of given work was to find the viewpoin t of Astana people to the establishment. From the tabular form of frequency dissemination we may see the main result of research. Table 1. Attitude to the establishment office work in Kazakh Frequency % Valid % Cum % Positive 14 70 70 70 Neutral 5 25 25 95 Negative 1 5 5 100 Total 20 100 100 More than half part of respondents have positive point of view on the change and only 5% were against it, so Astana people mostly are for establishment of state language. Analyzing the results of questionnaire, it was discovered that the major part of people think that it is right to change the language of documentation and they are ready to the transition. Authors made a prediction that the change of language may lead to conflicts among nations, it would be the discrimination of not-Kazakh people, the process of work will delay and quality of it would reduce. But the results show opposite thing main part of people state that they have not faced with any difficulties, that the change does not impact on the done work and its efficiency does not decrease. 80% of respondents were Kazakhs possibly, this is a reason of positive results in the questionnaire. Anyway, every man lives in Kazakhstan, may be that is why they have to answer positively, and may be, they had not other choice.Topic is very sensitive and both sides Kazakh and not-Kazakh people know it. Nowadays there are many issues on the theme of developing of Kazakh, and people do not react on them quasi(prenominal) someone is for raising the status of state language, someone afraid of this, because of unknowing Kazakh. Already 15 years Kazakhstan is independent country, it is obvious that Kazakh language should have specific status, it should have its own important place, and people should know it. It is already time to raise Kazakh, but not to eradicate Russian, because it is still the language on which all multinational population of country speaks, in which we communicate with our neighbours on internation al arena. People, by understanding it, should improve state language, by not disturbing official language. So, also, based on the results of questionnaire, it was found that government develops such things as courses, discs, electronic portals, programmes to prepare personnel to the change, but people mostly dissatisfied with these conditions, because almost all people suggest creating new instruments to improve language.This fact means that there is a lack of the books, special methods of studying, good teaching, etc. O. Suleimenov (2005) also came to this conclusion. He thinks that this change may cause problems of leaving the country of other nations. But there is a nuance for some questions (about have they faced with any difficultiesmbecause of the change, have establishment impact the work, do they satisfied with conditions that government creates to prepare personnel?) the third part of people did not give answers. Does it mean that people are hiding something and expert is r ight? In the reality the issue of language is very sensitive government tries to improve the authority of Kazakh while it seems that Russian is under discrimination. Among the members of parliament, government, also there are many debates on this theme.Akims, ministers say that they are undertaking measures as preparing personnel done the course, making privilege to people, who know Kazakh, raising their wages, but relying on opinions of people, we may conclude that it is not enough, because there is no efficient results, especially because the base of courses are very weak. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this issue for Kazakh people it is good because their language is developing, but for other nations it is difficult, but they can do nothing with it the law already exists, in spite the fact many people do not know Kazakh and there are no real measures that can prepare them. The data from literature review and questionnaire results are not similar, if some authorit ies are against establishment, main part of respondents support the change. This means that situation is not as negative as state the data of literature review. More people know or attainment Kazakh than official statistics show. The state of Kazakh is improving.V. ConclusionThe research question of present work is what is the attitude of Astana people to the establishment of unique state language in the office work in Kazakhstan? By considering the possible consequences and results, following hypotheses was made the attitude of major population of Astana would have negative point of view on this change of language of office work from Russian into Kazakh. According to the results of questionnaire, the prediction of authors was mistaken majority of respondents have positive viewpoint on the change, moreover, the ways to improve the situation were suggested by them. There were many disputes on the issue, some people think that will appear conflict that society is not ready, but, fortu nately, these were not justified. It is already time to improve the status of Kazakh people are for the change. The only one problem that should be eliminated to develop the base of preparing and teaching people.BibliographyAkishev, K. and Baipakov, K., 1996, Kazakhstan tarihi (kone zamannan buginge deiin). Almaty Atamura cited 01 June 2006. Kozybayev, K., 1995, Kazakhstan tarihi. Almaty Zhalyn. cited 01 June 2006. Piskareva, L., 2006, Ne zaboltat iazik, Vremia, 21(365), p. 3. cited 02 June 2006. Embassy of RK. 2005. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. online. functional from http//www.kazakhstanembassy.org.uk/cgi-bin/index/225 cited 30 whitethorn 2006. Demography. 2004. O chislennosti naselenia online.Available from http//stat.kz/stat/index.aspx?p=dem04-041=ru. cited 02 June 2006. Nazarbayeva, D. 2005. V Kazakhstane ne planiruetsya perevodit deloproizvodstvo tolko na gosudarstvennii yazik. Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/ attorney/?uid=undefineddoc_id=30033184B cited 01 June 2006. Spravochnik iurist. 2005. Vopros akimu goroda Almaty.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefineddocid=30036955 cited 02 June 2006.Olcott, M. B., 1997. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Online. Central Asian States An Overview of Fives Years of Independence.Available from www.ceip.org/people/mosenate.htm cited 02 June 2006.Omarov. B, 2005. Comitet po iazikam Ministerstva culture, informacii I sporta RK. Online. Skajite pojaluista.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefined doc_id=30029966 cited 01 June 2006.Shahanov, M., and Tereschenko, S., 2005. Problema yazika Online. Shahanova I Tereschenko reshili soobscha borotsya s kolonizatsiei.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefineddoc_id=30048383 cited 02 June 2006.Suleimenov, O., 2005. Problema yazika. Online. Vibori examen democratii.Available from http//base.zakon.kz/doc/lawyer/?uid=undefineddoc_id=30024571 cited 03 June 2006.

Nigeria Student Essay Example for Free

Nigeria Student EssayMy name is Adebimpe Godwin Akinade, I am from Nigeria, and I am 16 years of age, I brook three (3) sisters, one of them is in Nigeria objet dart the other two are here in London with me. I love playing flick games during my lecture time and also reading novels as well. I love hip pop and knocking music, I love watching horror movies, my favourite movie is THE EXORCISM OF EMILY ROSE. I be primary prepare in my home country at Stella Maris Primary School, I graduated from the school in primary 5 in 2004, I left to further my studies at Command mean solar day Secondary school, due to the low standards of the school I was forced to leave to another school to sleep with my high school certificate. I moved to Stella Maris College where I completed my high school and attained my GCSE Equivalent.I came to Kaplan International Colllege to do a 2 Term foundation programme in Science and engineer to progress to city university to study Civil Engineering, I Cho se to study the course because the subjects which I find raise are the main subject needed for the course, The subjects are Mathematics and Physics and I hope to be able to do as expected in the course. My English though is not bad simply I still have some areas which I fall behind and I Hope to solvent the problem as I progress in Kaplan. One major problem I have in English writing is the punctuation marks ,I have problems in putting the punctuations in the expert place been dealing with the problem for a while now but I hope to adopt over it during my period of study I Kaplan and through the following ways Regular writing of confused essays, taking note of the punctuation marks as used in the newspapers, novels, and various articles.

Cassius’ Logical Persuasion Essay Example for Free

Cassius Logical Persuasion EssayFrom Julius Caesar, set 1 Scene 2, Cassius attempts to persuade Brutus on joining the conspiracy against Caesar through logos. To convince Brutus to join the conspiracy, Cassius starts tattle Brutus that I was born free as Caesar. So were you. We both have fed as well, and we mountain both endure the winters cold as well as he (I. ii. 100). When Cassius states Caesar as soulfulness like them, Cassius is using logic to explain to Brutus that they are all equal to Caesar, not inferior. Cassius believes that Brutus and he deserve just as much power as Caesar, so he does not wishing Brutus to be supporting Caesar, but going against him. Even though Cassius says he is equal to Caesar, he past tells Brutus a story about how he saves Caesar from almost drowning and also recalls a story of Caesar in Spain grammatical construction Alas, it cried, give me some drink, Titinius, as a uneasy girl (I. ii. 139). The connotation of girl is a young-bearin g(prenominal) child, not manly and powerful.So by telling the stories, Brutus now acknowledges that Caesar is weak because he is able to drown and get sick and Brutus will no longer look upon someone who cries as a sick girl. Brutus is persuaded by Cassius story that Caesar is not all that power and that they should not be serve Caesar as if he is a god. On the other hand, Cassius contradicts himself multiple ways by saying Caesar is like a Colossus and we petty men walk under his huge legs and peep about to find ourselves disgraceful graves.Men at some time are masters of their fates. (I. ii. 137). Cassius portrays Caesar as a power mortal who will become a tyrant and that he is more superior to everyone else. Because Cassius and Brutus does not like tyrants or dictators, Cassius indirectly tells him to not support Caesar, and instead, tries hinting to Brutus that it is time for him to take control of Rome. The logos Cassius uses persuades Brutus to not let someone who is equal to him, such as Julius Caesar, to rule Rome.

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Example for Free

expiration, Tragedy and Community at Wartime EssayDying in War Implications for the family, the community and the kindly worker Death is a phenomenon that evokes mixed reactions and views from a community. For some, it a sunny release from the trials and problems of life. To others, it may very well be the end of the world when they lose a love virtuoso. What remains constant however is the affliction, bereavement and l cardinalliness undergo by those odd behind. Even more so when shoe authorizers last was sudden and unexpected as like what happens in times of struggle, disaster, and terrorist attacks. Grief goes done m each stages, each stage more difficult that the last.While most people generally pick off to cope with time, some experience more difficulties and tend to develop psychological and emotional problems. During the First and twinkling World Wars, the knock of the postman was a thing of dread. They either brought telegrams summoning the sons and fathers of families for the draft or telegrams announcing the shoemakers last or loss of loved one. An estimated 8 million military soulfulnessnel in 14 European countries were killed in World War I, and 14. 4 million military personnel in 17 European countries were killed in World War II (Aiken, 2001, p. 111).P argonnts who all of a sudden lose their children such as what happened to most state of contendtime mothers with mature sons commonly puzzle a harder time coming to terms with the cobblers last of their child (Gilbert, 2005, p. 6). The loss and feelings of helplessness and anger after part be intense. at that place is a common belief that something is wrong when a kindle buries his/her child. Most parents who have experienced this report that they feel dissociation with life and everything just felt so unreal (p. 6). That it is non right that parents should survive their children is often the thought that haunts bereaved parents.What role do social workers play in ti mes of war and terror? Social problems are defined as the take exceptions that heart and exist in communities (Hardcastle, Powers Wenocur, 2004, p. 62). It is the social workers job to help the community and its members formulate and implement solutions to these problems. Social workers usually work with problems related to economic disadvantages, illness and disability, crime and delinquency, abuse and maltreatment, service provision to special move of the population and intellectual illness. All these problems call for leadership attention and trained intervention (p.62). No point coffin nail put all these things to snuff ither more than times of war. What may be the biggest challenge to a social worker though is the task of helping a family and community locoweed with the sudden losses of loved ones in combat. In addition to this, they should similarly be prepared to cope with the rehabilitation of those who have been competent to come back home but exist with scars th at are not only sensual but also mental and emotional. The events of September 11, 2001, though technically not a part of any formal war except the one on terror, had an impact that was not dissimilar to armed conflicts.There was confusion, anger, anxiety and above all, people who in an instant lost their loved ones. As with wartime, sudden finale can only be viewed as unfair and untimely (Clements, Deranieri, Vigil Benasutti, 2004) For example, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks leftfield behind families and children who have lost moms and dads in that instant. Even adults and children who were in straightway abnormal by the attacks have vainglorious to suffer feelings of anxiety and shattered security in their personal and familial caoutchoucty (Smith Reynolds, 2002).Besides the necessary feelings of grief, children especially were left behind and often had to contend with nightmares and morbid pictures of the traumatic remainders their loved ones experienced as well as the stress and difficulty of trying to picture lives without mom or dad. It is also grievous to remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those who suffer it directly (Sims, Hayden, Palmer Hutchins, 2000, p. 41) The ubiquity of television system also afforded children at home not only news of the attacks but also vivid pictures and descriptions of the disaster and all its violence.This made it even more problematic for children and people who have lost loved ones in the Twin Towers and the plane crashes as coverage of each horrific scene gave them fodder for the imagination and sequent nightmares. The moorage of a 7-year old boy named Johnny is cited in the study (2002) by Smith and Reynolds. pursuit the 9/11 attacks, Johnny developed a constant fear of his parents leaving home and acquiring killed by bad men. He also developed a phobia of elevators and would throw tantrums whenever his parents tried to make him use one.Johnny admitted to his therapist that h is fear of elevator stemmed from a story he hear of how people in the Twin Towers were trapped and killed while riding in the elevators. (Smith Reynolds, 2002) Neither Johnny nor his family were directly involved or affected in the terror attack. The mental and emotional strain suffered by survivors and those affected by this very high profile event led to the American psychiatrical Associations setting up of counseling services focusing on grief, acute stress and Post Traumatic Stress overturn (PTSD) (Smith Reynolds, 2002).The difficulty that most surviving relatives meet is in the un-timeliness of death. While conventional wisdom holds that sons and fathers who go to war may not come back again, more often than not, there is a strong fancy that they will be able to come home. Despite the knowledge of all the possibilities, the sudden and traumatic temper of death often creates problems among surviving relatives. They become victims in their own right. Muller and Thompson be lieve that the port of death plays a vital role in determining the reaction of the survivors (Muller Thompson, 2003).If its bad enough for people to suddenly lose their loved ones, how much more would it be for children to live and go through an environment of war and death? In his article in the Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development in 2004, Clinical psychologist and logger of the American Psychological Association (APA) Gargi Roysircar relates the case of 20-year old Yugoslavian emigre Stephen, who at the age of 10 witnessed the height of the civil war between Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990.In interviews with his counselor, Stephen recalls witnessing about 80% of his classmates get killed by bombs, sniper shots and gunfire as they walked to and from school. At age 14, Stephen was taken by his father to the frontlines for training in combat to fight with the Serbian army. The next two years wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would develop him to all kinds of death, privation and war atrocities. Eventually migrating as political refugees in the United States, in 1999, Stephen show difficulty in acculturation and adjustment.The constant displacement he experienced in war on with the mistrust bred by his past and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it difficult for Stephen to acclimatise to peacetime setting. Roysircar describes Stephen as having recurrent thoughts and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced nightmares, hostility and a heavy(a) sense of a miss of belonging. Stephen also often recounted the difficulties he experienced including hiding in a basement and eating rats especially when angry.He also displays a deep-seated hatred for the Muslims and believes the Middle einsteinium should be wiped off the face of the Earth (Roysircar, 2004). While there may be models detailing stages of grief and recovery, social workers mustiness be prepared for insta nces that do not adhere to such models. In Stephens case while he did not directly lose any of his close family members, he was exposed at an early age to violence and death. He has also experienced being the cause of another humane beings death as he and his father fought on the Serbian army.This is no different from the Post-Traumatic Stress roughness exhibited by American soldiers returning from Vietnam or any other area where they fought in combat. A person does not have to lose anyone in range to feel grief, bereavement and suffer any disease that may result from it as evidenced by the little boy Johnnie and Stephen. Death in wartime is not limited to just the loss of a loved one. In a community where all able bodied men are called to arms, anybody can lose husbands, brothers, fathers and sons at any day.Families left behind are left to their own devices and imaginings of what horrors their loved ones are facing. Those who do lose family members are haunted by the manner by which their loved one died. There is also the unfortunate circumstance in war where death is an ambiguous issue. In the Vietnam War, many an(prenominal) people were reported missing in action. The families of such people were left at an awkward and horrible position of not knowing whether they should be mourn or belongings out hope for their loved ones return (Worden, 2003, p. 40).In some cases, some families do accept the reality that their loved one may be dead and go through the entire process of mourning and recovery only to be told later that their husbands and sons were simply prisoners of war and has since been released. While ordinarily this may telephone set like a fairy tale ending, there may come unbridgeable gaps and tension that can only ruin relationships and lives (p. 85). On the other hand, some families may keep clinging to the hope that their loved ones are alive and because refuse to give way to grief and acceptance.Stacy Bannerman (2007) is one of the many army wives whose espousal was broken up by war. In her article that appeared in The Progressive, she relates how her once happy marriage with one of the militarys mortar platoon commanders started qualifyinging downhill with every death he caused and witnessed during his stint in Iraq. She decries the insensitivity and lack of fend for for military families from the National Guard. She further cites how there was an absolute lack of prompt attention to the mental and emotional needs of returning military men who more often than not suffered from PTSD like her husband, Lorin did.Because of this, there have been military men who have survived their tour of trading only to succumb to mental and emotional anguish and end up committing suicide on American soil (Bannerman, 2007). It is the soldiers, their families, and the people of Iraq that contribute the human costs. The tab so far more than 3,000 dead U. S. troops, tens of thousands of wounded, over half a million Iraqi casualti es, roughly 250,000 American servicemen and women struggling with PTSD, and almost 60,000 military marriages that have been broken by this war (Bannerman, 2007).The problem here is that most of those left behind are left to cope with their own fears without the support of anybody else except family and members who are also wrapped up in their own concerns. In this case, social workers must be able to take the lead in establishing outreach and community groups so people do not have to cope and suffer in isolation. Carpenter (2002) states that the psychological well-being of the members of a community is one of the jobs of a social worker.While it is true that the trauma brought on by exposure to violence and death may be an individual process, healing and recovery needs societal support and strong relationships (Carpenter, 2002). This may become a challenge to families and communities who are dealing with their anxiety and grief. However, Carpenter reminds social workers that one of the primary goals of social work is to help empower the oppressed. Oppression in itself can take on many definitions and forms. In this particular case, it is the trauma and grief that is debilitating and oppressing the individual and the community.Social workers must also be prepared to look for signs of repressed grief. Some individuals choose to withhold and fail to express grief and therefore develop problems later in life often developing manias, paranoia and demonstrate abuse towards other people. At times, the feelings of grief or multiple losses of loved ones may lead to a grief congest that would cause an individual to delay grief (Worden, 2003, p. 91) The community as a social system can provide a network of support.Given the right leadership, empathy and sensitivity, it can also become a safe place where people can come to terms with their grief and slowly move on toward recovery. In the cases of Johnnie and Stephen, it took time before they were able to face and admit their anger, anxiety and grief at the bad things that they experienced and fear. Sometimes, self-reflection and a ready ear is all thats necessary. As clinically trained counselors and diagnosticians, social workers are tasked with the duty of helping people recognize and understand what problems they may have.Community-wise, social workers should have enough knowledge of the communitys demographics in order to unify and create a solid network of safety and interaction that may support troubled and grieving individuals particularly in conflict filled times such as war. Death at wartime comes in many forms. It could be the actual death of a loved one, anxiety at the possible death, loss at whether somebody is dead or not, or even those who continue to physically live but have broken spirits and permanent disabilities as a result of war wounds.Much as death is a big thing that affects not only the family but also the community as a whole, war brings with it so much more problems and issues that will undoubtedly challenge most social workers. Undertaking social work means one must be in sync with the community. By in sync, it covers everything from issues, key people, and resources that may be mobilized in times of need. War is a time of immense crisis and tragedy that the social worker must be prepared to face head on and ably lead and facilitate the processes by which the community may be transformed into a supportive societal system that each member may be able to depend on.This does not mean however that social workers cannot be affected or lose their sense of self in dealing with all these tragedies. Tsui and Cheung (2003) recommend a self-reflection on the part of the social worker in order to understand and come to terms with their own reactions and feelings to tragedies they both witness and hear about from their clients before attempting to deal further with the grief of others. They also stress that once social workers attend to their duties, they shou ld do so intellectually yet with empathy and focus on assessing and addressing the needs of the community rather than ones own (Tsui Cheung, 2003)References Aiken, L. R. (2001). Dying, Death, and Bereavement (4th ed. ). Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=22091057 Bannerman, S. (2007, March). Broken by This War. The Progressive, 71, 26+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5021139792 Carpenter, J. (2002). Mental Health Recovery look-alike Implications for Social Work. Health and Social Work, 27(2), 86+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst?a=od=5000778618 Gilbert, K. R. (2005). 1 When a Couple Loses a Child. In Family Stressors Interventions for Stress and Trauma, Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ) (pp. 5-30). New York Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. ques tia. com/PM. qst? a=od=109184971 Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ). (2005). Family Stressors Interventions for Stress and Trauma. New York Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=109184958 Clements, P. T. , Deranieri, J. T. , Vigil, G. J. , Benasutti, K. M. (2004). look after Death Grief Therapy after the Sudden Traumatic Death of a Family Member. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 40(4), 149+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5008586582 Hardcastle, D. A. , Powers, P. R. , Wenocur, S. (2004). Community Practice Theories and Skills for Social Workers. New York Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=104722138 Roysircar, G. (2004). Child survivor of War A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 168+.Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia . com/PM. qst? a=od=5012181947 Sims, M. , Hayden, J. , Palmer, G. , Hutchins, T. (2000). Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(4), 41. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001127890 Smith, S. , Reynolds, C. (2002). Innocent Lost The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(5), 12+.Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002560442 Tsui, M. , Cheung, F. C. (2003). Dealing with Terrorism What Social Workers Should and Can Do. Social Work, 48(4), 556+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002045024 Worden, J. W. (2003). Grief steering and Grief Therapy A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. Hove, England Brunner-Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Ques tia database http//www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=108479290

Ethnic groups Essay Example for Free

Ethnic groups EssayHistorical descriptions of heathen groups be normally aimed at establishing genuine pattern of perception and interpretation and as well at as clarifying racial differences and peculiarities. On the other hand, the essays, written by the representatives of American nation, sometimes prominently demonstrate biased attitude towards the prototypical otherness. In Gjerdes book one can find the extracts from historical documents, addressing such ethnic groups as Chinese, Mexicans and Hindu.Due to the fact that East Asian immigrants deprived Americans of their work in food takings at the beginning of the 20th century, the statement or so their immorality doesnt seem surprising. The earlier documents put on that Chinese lifestyle is unacceptable for American citizens, due to their immoral beliefs and convictions in family as a behind of sound society. Moreover, such nominal households are viewed as pathology there are apparently few families invigoration as such, with legitimate children (p. 276). Further more(prenominal), J.Blaine argues that Chinese should not be regarded as Christians, as their patterns of social life tremendously differ from those of European immigrants, who seek to settle down and begin family life in the U. S. His arguments seem sort of unusual for a modern reader You cannot work a man who must wee plain and bread, alongside of a man, who can live on rice (p. 277). In 1911, the Asiatic Exclusion group discussion held that Asian immigrants experienced troubles getting along with local communities and integrating into American society.It is important to keep in mind that multiculturalism arose in the U. S. comparatively not long ago, so the beginning of the 20th century was definitely a period of racial discrimination for instance, Asians (Chinese, Hindu and Japanese) were charged with their religious beliefs and the extrapolation of their understanding of worship and spiritism onto the Christian land, where t hey erected they pagan shrines and arranged rituals, which offended modern moral tradition.European immigrants, in turn, are pictured as individuals with low intelligence and poor morality, peculiarly Polish Jews, who adopted American names, but belonged to the discrete religious groups and seemed dangerous due to their craftiness (Levin, 1997). The ex-Europeans are shown similar to Caliban, the mythological monster due to the domination of Lombrosos criminological physiognomy, they are regarded as dangerous given their show, including large stature and poor lively dictionary, which seems an indicator of mental tardiness.That the Mediterranean peoples are morally below the raceways of Northern Europe is as veritable as any social fact. Even when they were dirty, ferocious barbarians, these blonds were truthtellers Immigration officials find that the different peoples are as day and night in point of veracity, and report vast trouble in extracting the truth from pilot film brunet nationalities (p. 285). Even the closest siblings of Americans, the British, are also described as narrow-minded people, who have no ambitions or aspirations (Levin, 1997, Fraser, 1995).Mexican immigrants are depicted by Mr. Box as impulsive individuals, whose blood assure the mixture of Mediterranean, Spanish and Indian genes and, moreover, mixed with Negroes and mulattos and therefore can be considered an inferior race that lacks more or less established traditions and common sense. In addition, the author indicates that Mexicans are illiterate and negligent in terms of basic sanitary and hygiene and therefore are particularly exposed to viral diseases. crime and pauperism are also attributed to this ethnic group, as Mexicans have exceptionally rush and impetuous natures and are therefore predisposed to serious deviance and disobedience. The case known as Thind v. United States conceptualizes the meaning of race and distinguishes amid ethnic groups in order to draw the mo st correct definition of American as a representative of the nation.Race as a legal term is addressed through the descriptions of definite groups, which possess common characteristics, in addition, the paper recognizes that Americans, Hindu and Caucasians have common ancestor, whereas there is a notable diversity in terms of appearance. The paper nonetheless takes discriminatory cost to nativism and indicates that Hindu immigrants cannot be viewed as native Americans in any case, as they inherit their ethnic characteristics, whereas French, german and British immigrants easily absorb into American nation and therefore can be regarded as free sportys.John Highman, analyzing the document, claims that racial nativism is a historically controversial issue given the complicated social and political development of the United States the mental picture or race and the moral evaluation of racial characteristics are completely determined by contemporary attitudes towards various cultura l groups. In addition, the methodological problems underlies in the gradual modification of public understanding of race, whose original indicator was skin color when the first scholars were attempting to identify and outline the racial constructs.Such pragmatic and oversimplified approach was to great extent convenient in the period of colonization, as they allowed literally making difference between aliens and peers and maintain Christian superiority in the country. The epoch of Romanticism was marked with the so-called Anglo-Saxonism, which pointed to the uniqueness of race, especially Anglo-Saxon derivation, appealing to psychology and emotional intelligence.Naturalists, on the contrary sought to identify the similarities of external appearance skin color, stature and skull form. Quite commonly, the school associated physical with cultural differences and displayed, in doing so, a feeling of white superiority over colored race. On the whole, however, the leading scientific think ers did not regard race differences as permanent, pure and unalterable (p. 293).The natural scientists addressed the notion of heredity and further gave birth to eugenics, the science about artificial selection and resulted in the numerous immigration restrictions, primarily because of the belief in the inheritance of nature traits, which, as one can conclude from historical documents were stigmatized as unacceptable practically in traffic to each immigrant group. At the same time, Ripley, an anthropologist, after studying the traits and characteristics of European population, categorized Europeans into three groups Teutonic, Mediterranian and Alphine.Due to the scientific enlightenment, the final historical event that resulted in the definition of free white American was Grants study, which suggested the supremacy of Anglo-Saxon group and implied the acceptance of European ethnic groups, proved as racially and genetically close to Americans. Haney-Lopez provides a brief historica l overview of the Thinds and Ozawas cases and shows the so-called societal pressure upon the courts decision even though Thind unquestionably was Caucasian (the descendant of white race), he wasnt identified as free white, because of commonly shared standard of whiteness, which he failed to fit into.In Ozawas case, the Court simply pointed to the plaintiffs Mongolian origin and rejected the color show only because of the dominant position of whiteness-oriented religious values, which were likely to be challenged through overlapping of races(p. 301). When Thind undeniable naturalization, the prejudiced attitude towards Hindu ethnic group became a considerable obstacle, whereas scientific facts showed that his petition should have been satisfied, but the verdict referred to the opinion of average man.This means, the issue of race is not purely physiological or psychological, but refers more to the multifaceted social construct, which, as it has been noted, relates to the perception of otherness. In fact, if the Court had naturalize Thind, numerous political changes should have been introduced, such as wage norms and labor standards for Hindu, so the judicial eubstance acted in favor of government political course.Reference listLevin, M. (1997).Why Race Matters Race Differences and What They Mean (Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence). Praeger. Fraser, S. (1995). The toll curve wars race, intelligence, and the future of America. New York BasicBooks. Gjerde. Racialization of Immigrants, 1880-1930, pp. 275-290. Highman, J. The Evolution of Thought on Race and the Development of Scientific Racism. In Gjerde, pp. 291-298 Haney-Lopez, I. The Evolution of Legal Constructions of Race and Whiteness. In Gjerde, pp. 298-305

Descartes and Hume’s Infinity Essay Example for Free

Descartes and Humes Infinity EssayThe word datelessness refers to several patterns only if any pertains to something that is without curtail or endless. Most of the time, it is utilize in the field of mathematics but the archetype is likewise employd in several other fields including philosophy. This paper will try to study Rene Descartes and David Humes concepts and views of infinity as head as the problems regarding their concepts. For Rene Descartes, the word infinity is attributed and is referred to a perfect being, to divinity fudge. On the other hand, although most of his infinity raises most paradoxes that are very challenging for his empiricism, David Hume asserts that we can non comprehend infinity.According to Descartes, infinity is the same as god or that immortal is the same as infinity. He also proves the creation of God by victimisation the concept of infinity as an illustration. Descartes also said that he is able to see infinity because he is abl e to think and imagine a large object and as well as a larger object but not the largest object. Descartes stated the existence of god is proven by the use of infinity because according to him, if you have the theme of infinity and yet cannot witnessed it proves the existence of God.This is because our so called finite self will not be able to generate the stem of something like infinity and therefore the desire must then came from a somewhere or some bingle of unnumberable being, from God. The ability of God is also proven by infinity because according to Descartes, the continuity of thing should be conserved and therefore necessarily the continuous power that is supporting it.On the other hand, according to David Hume, because it is by faith that we know that God exist and so we will know his nature in the heaven. If there is a God with eternal attributes, then he is therefore infinitely incomprehensible without proportion to us human beings. Therefore Hume objects the con cept of infinity because we cannot experience infinity therefore we have no adequate idea of what infinity really is. Because of his belief and thinking, he take down proposes to replace the notion of endless or unbounded, infinity, by a time and space theory.That every idea that we have is copied from a similar impression is the fundamental of Humes arguments. So according to Hume, our idea of God together with his attributes such as his infinite intelligence, good being and all his infinite abilities and characteristics are just products of our own intellectual, increasing that idea without limit those qualities. Therefore our notion and familiarity of god is not brought by any revelations or something that god put on us but rather by of us taking our normal attributes and increasing these attributes to infinity. The major problem regarding the theory and idea of Hume is that it contradicts some principles in geometry such as the Pythagorean theorem. David Humes theory includes the denial of the thesis that propagation infinitely divisible. Still, how Hume critiques the idea of infinity is said to be a product of Enlightenment theory of Knowledge. overly the theories of Hume disprove the existence of God in which case most people will definitely resist and critique and would say inverse that we does not create God but rather God created us. In this case it is certain that many people will be against Humes principles and ideology. The problem with Descartes ideas is that he of necessity the existence of a perfect being in order to be able to have a clear idea of what is infinity. Also the argument of Descartes is a circular argument because he proves the existence of God using the idea of infinity and at the same time his idea of infinity relies on the acquaintance of God. The clarity of his ideas is relied on God and God on his ideas.Since Descartes infinity theory relies on the concept of having an infinite and perfect being in our mind, there surely be misconceptions and understand on the concept since our mind is able to entertain several things that may include fiction or something that is untrue.Greek gods, goddesses as well as super heroes are some of the examples that we entertain in our minds that are far and/or not part of the real world. Also since several(predicate) person have different views and as well familiarity and understanding, there could be as many interpretations of the word infinity as there are people. And how or so those that did not believe in the existence of God? Does that mean that they are not capable of understanding what infinity is? Definitely not and therefore Descartes concept of infinity applies to limited people only.The main parity and difference between Rene Descartes ideas of infinity to that of Hume is that both of them uses the concept of God making their argument. They both use the concept and knowledge of a so-called infinite being in their arguments.Also they are in different and in conflict because Descartes proves the existence of God by using the concept of infinity and Hume do the opposite, disproving the existence of God as disproving the concept of infinity. In Descartes statement, infinity exist although we cannot see it. The mere fact that the idea of infinity is in our minds prove that there really is an infinite being, a God that created all things and that sustains it by his infinite attributes. On the other hand, Hume believes that we cannot comprehend and understand infinity and it therefore there exist no such thing.It can be said that both Descartes and Hume have an idea of what infinity is. Their difference is the idea whether infinity is achievable or not. For Descartes, infinity or God exist although we cannot see it or even imagine it that basically is infinity. On the other hand, Hume disapprove the concept of infinity saying that since we cannot see or visualize infinity, infinity does not exist and should be replaced by something that exist, something real like time and space.Although the 2 ideas are conflicting in can be said that they are truly believable and without advance and close study of the matter, we may really be misguided. Still, whether we believe Descartes or Hume depends on us, no one will force us to believe someone. What is important is that we really have the basis of our beliefs.ReferenceBrown, R. G. (2007). God, dock and Spark. Retrieved December 04, 2007 from http//www.phy.duke.edu/rgb/Poetry/hot_tea/hot_tea/node31.htmlHolding, J. P. (No Date). Humaen Understanding. Retrieved December 04, 2007 fromhttp//www.tektonics.org/gk/hume01.htmlLeahy, J. P. (2000). Infinity and Eternity of the Universe. Retrieved December 04, 2007 fromhttp//www.jb.man.ac.uk/jpl/cosmo/infinity.html