Friday, May 31, 2019

Tom Sawyer Essay -- essays research papers

Tom SawyerTom Sawyer was a boy, not one of the sort that you read about in good books, merely a little devil, never malicious and always at around trick, and in the courseof years he engaged in a multitude, all of which are here recorded in Twainsstyle. He had special aversions for church, Sunday school, pious people, devoutconversation and the company of his sedate but good old aunt. In spite of hisefforts to escape from such inflictions he had to suffer them once in a while,but in his efforts to get some diversion on such occasions he more than oncemade lively sensations. Too lazy to get his Sunday school lessons, he managed bysharp trading to buy up a lot of the tickets given to the best pupils, and whena distinguished visitor came the children were requested to step transport withtheir tickets so that the one who had the most should receive the prize. To theastonishment of all Tom Sawyer was the hero, and, after a great time had beenmade over him, the visitor thought Tom sho uld have a chance to show his learning,so he asked him who were the first two of the twelve Apostles to follow Jesus,it being presumed that the prize boy knew such things perfectly, for the lessonof the term had been in the study of the four Gospels. Tom felt the necessity ofgiving some answer, and his was "David and Goliath," to the surprise of thevisitor, the consternation of the head teacher and the cheer of the school.When Tom went to church he took a large snapping bug...

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Essay -- Charles Dickens Oliver Twist Es

Charles Dickens Oliver TwistThe novel Oliver Twist is a criticism of the cruelty that children andpoor people suffered at the hands of 19th century society. It wasDickens origin novel written under his own name when he was 24 yearsold and in it he already reveals his sharp, but comic comments andcriticism.From the bulge out Dickens makes it clear to the reader that poor peopleand the children of poor people almost especially a baby bornillegitimately were of no termination in the 1900s. The first personnarrator feels he need not trouble himself as it can be of nopossible consequence to demonstrate us the place or date of Olivers birth.This concept is further revealed when he refers to Oliver as an itemof mortality and then later on in the chapter it. The childdeserves no name as he is not a legitimate member of society so he hasno place or importance he starts life at the bottom of the Victorianfood chain. By having the narrator address Oliver as a it instead ofa him Oliver is dehumanize and so Dickens draws this to ourattention.Born into this world or sorrow and trouble our narrator seems tobelieve that Olivers chance of survival are extremely slim, so we aresurprised when Dickens has him say it was the best thing for OliverTwist that would by possibility have occurred (being born in aworkhouse), he withal tells us the baby lay gasping on a little flockmattress rather unequally poised between this world and the next. Allthe odds are against Oliver yet this neglect saves him life Withamusing sarcasm Dickens suggests that if Oliver had been surroundedby careful grandmothers, anxious aunts, experienced nurses and doctorsof profound wisdom, he would most inevit... ...ses Olivers solitary incarceration hesays enemies of the system claim that Oliver was denied the benefitof forge, the pleasure of society or the advantages of religiousconsolation Dickens then defends this arguing by sarcasticallysaying as for exercise it was nice cold weather, and he was a llowedto perform his ablutions every morning under the pump, in a swayyard, in the presence of Mr Bumble, who prevented his catching a coldand causes a tingling sensation to pervade his frame, by repeatedapplications of the cane Dickens sarcastically addresses exercise asbeing beaten, a physical punishment for Oliver.Oliver is also abused mentally, at evening when the boys went to pray,Oliver was kicked into the same apartment every evening and there helistend to the other boys ask god to guard them from the sins andvices of Oliver Twist.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Computers, the Internet, and a Changing World :: Computer Cyberspace Technology Essays

Computers, the Internet, and a Changing World When I think about the world of writing in the year2003, and equalize it to writing, letssay, in the year 1990, the changes that have evolvedare phenomenal. Of course, a person couldargue that change is the one constant in life, including people, ideas, and technology, reasonable to find afew. How can you measure and analyze every changethats occurred in the world, and its cultures?If you tried, youd likely grow old and die before youcould cop every single one. But when itcomes to writing and the writers, themselves, in thetwenty-first century, no longer are the paperpages of books, magazines, and newspapers the onlysource of reading. The internet is a blazing andcomplicated electronic world, where one human caninstantly communicate with another, every(prenominal) with theclick of a mouse. Cyberculture has taken us from anearlier world, where we used the pen, pencil,typewriter, and just a computer, to a rapid-fireelectronic galaxy, t hat enables us to use millions ofpixels to send messages to the world the most amazingpart of all, is that we can do all this withoutever divergence the comfort of our homes.Lets start at the beginning, before the informationsuperhighway was a part of theglobal vernacular. Millions of people like to readthe newspaper, for a variety of reasons many,including myself, want to keep up to speed on currentevents, locally, and around the world. I tend toread The Detroit Free Press, The Ann Arbor News, andoccasionally, The New York Times, all goodand, for the most part, accurate sources of news. Myparents subscribed to all three newspapers formany years, and still do to this day. After I movedout and began living on my own, I would go to thenearest store or newspaper stand to buy a copy, and attimes, still do this. However, with theexplosion of internet usage, I dont have to run outto the store and spend thirty-five or fifty cents onone of those papers rather, all I have to do is turnon my computer, get connected to the internet,type in the URL, and I am instantly at thatnewspapers site, with that days electronic headlinesonly a few inches from my face. I can read the front pagenews, or click a link that takes me to the sportssection, or hit another link that takes me to themovie reviews. There are countless texts, long and short, to read onthe internet, and newspapers areonly one example. However, I commit that these

Foundations of Psychology Essay -- What Is Psychology, Define Psycholo

When psychology first emerged as a science, the process of explaining the human assessment and human behavior began. In this essay we get out present a brief synopsis of what psychology is and introduce the reader to the primary biological foundations of psychology that are linked to behavior as hygienic as introducing the reader to the major schools of musical theme in psychology. In Kowalski and Westen Fifth Edition of Psychology, psychology is define as the scientific investigation of mental processes such(prenominal) as thinking, remembering, feeling, and behavior. Understanding a somebody requires attention to the individuals biology, psychological experience, and cultural context.(Kowalski & Weston, 2009, p. 4). Each component is necessary in formulating who the individual is. As we delve into history, we must be cautious in our analyzation of human behavior and the human mind that we do not contribute our analyzation to a single thought or process as many times it may be a conglomeration of events or items that contribute to the overall picture of a persons psychological process. Furthermore, Kowalski specifies in his writing that humans are complex creatures whose psychological experience lies at the intersection of biology and culture.(Kowalski & Weston, 2009, p. 3). He expounds upon this fact by stating that all psychological processes occur through the interaction of cells in the nervous system and all human action occurs in the context of cultural beliefs and value that render it meaningful. (Kowalski & Weston, 2009, p. 3).The primary biological foundation of psychology is linked to biopsychology. Biopsychology is an extension of psychology that analyzes our brains and the neurotransmitter that are prevalent in our nervous system... ... internalized. Sigmund Freud three elements of id, ego and superego when apply together explained human behavior even in the most complex form. Psychology has many roles in the greater realm of science, but I result always believe that the most profound role of psychology is to enable humans to have a better understanding of their self and their world. Psychology delves into the deeper levels of the mind and intrigues us with the various theories and observations of our mental and physical capacities and although there are many schools of thought, each school of thought opens our mind to new theories and concepts that stretch our brains to boundaries unlimited whole caboodle CitedKowalski, R. & Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley. Functional Psychology. (2011). Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_psychology

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Family Values: Importance Essay -- personal values, research papers

Family Values Importancethe Statess family set are very important to our citizens. For manyyears the American family and its set take away been one of the top priorities ofour nation. The family is even an essential part of the American Dream thatwe Americans are so fond of. The basic idea of success in America is measuredby how well one can provide for their family. But what does citezenship have todo with family values? It determines these values and set a standard for the in all of Americas people. Family values are of the utmost importance to theAmerican citizen.Family values are basically the core of our way of living. They havebeen important since, and even before, the very first-class honours degree of our civilization,and certainly since the founding of the United States of America. Theoriessuggest that even the primitive caveman was very loyal and respectful to hisparticular family unit. People of our time have followed these beginnings ofthe ideas of family values and citizenship up until the present day. Todayhowever people are more diversified and separated in their ways but they allshare equal values of the family. A nation, being of mostly sociallycompatible people, functions in a similar way as a family. The nation selectsits national family values by legislation which becomes law. Civilization,over time, has brought about values which have become essential to all.&nb...

Family Values: Importance Essay -- personal values, research papers

Family Values ImportanceAmericas family value are very important to our citizens. For many a(prenominal)years the American family and its values switch been one of the top priorities ofour nation. The family is even an essential part of the American Dream thatwe Americans are so fond of. The staple fibre idea of success in America is measuredby how well one can provide for their family. But what does citezenship have todo with family values? It determines these values and set a standard for thewhole of Americas people. Family values are of the utmost importance to theAmerican citizen.Family values are basically the core of our way of living. They havebeen important since, and even before, the very beginning of our civilization,and certainly since the founding of the United States of America. Theoriessuggest that even the primitive caveman was very loyal and respectful to his crabbed family unit. People of our time have followed these beginnings ofthe ideas of family values and ci tizenship up until the present day. Todayhowever people are more diversified and separated in their ship canal but they allshare similar values of the family. A nation, being of mostly sociallycompatible people, functions in a similar way as a family. The nation selectsits national family values by legislation which becomes law. Civilization,over time, has brought about values which have become essential to all.&nb...

Monday, May 27, 2019

A Journey into the Heart of American Adolescence

Teenagers will be teenagers. Perhaps this is the best way to understand the lives of octonary teenagers in Herschs (1999) book, A Tribe unconnected A Journey into the Heart of American Adolescence. Although Hersch only writes nigh American teenagers, adolescents around the world may be able to relate to the eight kids interviewed by the author.They argon naughty, to say the least, and their parents seem to have little or no interest in how they are leading or in fact ruining their lives. The teenagers use illegal drugs, enjoy premarital sex, steal, get into trouble, and essenti exclusivelyy do everything that they are most probably to do in the absence of adults from their lives.Adults have abused them through neglect or other government agency. Hence, the young people do not have authoritative models to follow. Instead, they experiment with life so as to learn their own lessons before adulthood strikes. Many of the lessons that such teenagers may learn will undoubtedly be pai nful if not plain sad.It is clear to the reader of A Tribe Apart that these teenagers could have been saved from the difficulties they may inevitably face by next models of propriety.All the same, it is impossible to find such models when their parents are missing from home and out at work. Teachers may not be able to fill in the fracture seeing as it is the parents responsibility to teach morality to their kids for the latter to consider it believable. After all, children are meant to spend more time with their parents than with their teachers.The teenagers of A Tribe Apart do not belong to poor families. Researchers have often described adolescents from poor families who are neglected or abused by other means before they turn into drug addicts or thieves.Teenagers be to poor families are therefore believed by the masses to be morally degraded. The unique fact about Herschs book is that all of the teenagers she has interviewed for her research belong to the healthy middle class. Perhaps this makes it easier for adolescents around the globe to relate to the eight teenagers in her book.Most if not all teenagers may be considered a tribe apart as the reader contemplates the fact that both the haves and the have-nots behave in similar ways through adolescence. Indeed, teenagers belonging to poor families appear to be destroying their lives just like the adolescents interviewed by Hersch for her study.The good news is, however, that Herschs book could serve as a warning manoeuver for parents who have neglected or abused their growing kids in other ways. If parents do not take heed, their growing kids may very well play themselves as adults that behave like their own parents. Wealth does not matter in this case. Rather, teenagers would remain as stereotypical teenagers experimenting with adulthood in their youth. They know no boundaries.They are always crossing their limits. Most importantly, there is nobody to guide them out of their troubled existence. Drug s and sex become the sole source of joy for them. Thus, Herschs book is a wake up call that all parents must give serious thought to. The fact that eight teenagers confided in Hersch must alike be taken seriously. It is possible for parents to honestly understand their kids. Hersch has proved this with her research.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

History of science, technology, society, and nature/environment Essay

Thomas Hughes is a symbol of technological advancement in relation to evolving scientific facts, surround and social straddle. He was initially trained as an Engineer and showed that applied science consists of systems and not merely artefacts. This systems embodies social aspects as swell as technological aspects. This take to the social construction of the technological system. He offers a means to look at the relations that exists between the society, technological advancements and the environment.Hughes looks at applied science as a means by which changes in the society may be effected in relation to science, he also give room to the thought that the statistical distribution of engineering science may not get down about a revolution in the social and science systems. A number of scholars guide various show ideas towards the aspect of technological determinism in relation to technological system Marx in 1994 supported the idea that technological determinism is the force that tends to drives history. The French scholar Jacques Ellul alludes that technology is the intimately powerful force in modern science and is beyond the control of humans.Other scholars reject this fact and claim that the distribution of technology is determined by the social changes that are present in the society and not the vice versa. Hughes adapts a middle ground by looking at the technological systems in the society which may include complex networks of artifacts, organizations and the people rather than the science that brought about the technologies. (Marx, Smith, 1994). The modern world is as a allow of technologies evolving over a period of time and in the process they grow more complex achieving a certain kind of interconnection.This makes technology to be more difficult to control. (Cassidy, 1962). Hundreds and perhaps thousands of people are required to maintain the systems this brings out the aspect of society in technological distribution. Thomas Hughes conseq uently connects technology advancement to the presence of breathing scientific k straightledge and the presence of societal values that will maintain and advance the system. Ford claims that technology terminatenot be separated from the aspects of the environment in this outcome he refers to the environment in terms of social, economic, semipolitical and heathenish.The existing systems will determine kind of policies that will be put in place in order to direct the pace of technology. The other side of the idea also relates to the advancement of the various aspects of life due to the pace of technological improvement. There is lead to relate the various aspects of the human life with technology, It is as important as nation building and constitution making. These are important societal values that have a significant effect on advancing the human life. Technological affairs are a mixture of several aspects of life, which also includes social concerns.The submission of the e ma il, facebook, twitter and other social sites is a technological advancement that has changed the way people relate with each other, it has brought people from across the world oftentimes closer and therefore a social concern whether it leans to a positive or a negative manner. The political concerns that have arisen due to technology cannot be ignored, In the United States, likely presidential candidates have used various advancements in technology to campaign, President Obama was able to appeal to a majority of the puppyish voters as he was able to reach them on social sites through emails and short messages.This brings out Taylor ideas on how technology is connected to societal values and political factors. The interaction of technology and other subjects does not stop there it affects economic policies and scientific laws. Insull states that the policies relating to economy have changed throughout the world as a result of Advancement of technology.Apple Inc Company is a perfect example of this, its products such as the iphone has been well received in the market therefore building say-so in the trading of shares of Technological firms due to the interaction nature, the government therefore reduced tariffs on technological firms due to the resources they were pumping into the economy and jobs they were creating (Cassidy, 1962). Hughes tends to bring out the kind between technology, environment and the society through his advancement of the systems approach theory.Hughes tends to argue that the production, transmission and distribution of electricity occur in a technological environment. This environment does not only relate to the technology but economic, educational, administrative and legal factors also contribute to the process. Hughes therefore advocates for unity among these factors as overmuch as they may be diverse, he also calls for coherence from the chaos that may result from the interaction of this factors. The technological system may only rifle if it can withstand influence from the external environment, the only way it can do this is through incorporating this influences into their system.The systems theory advanced by Hughes above employs the notion of nervous impulse which he defines as a combination of technological, organizational and attitudinal components this tends to maintain growth of the organizational system. Hughes also explains that the tendency to picture that a technological system reaping well when the actions of the numerous stakeholders such as educational, regulatory opportunities correspond with the work and culture of a particular technological system.This is an important, aspect in ensuring that technology relates well with the environment and society to achieve maximum results (Hughes, 1989) The idea of systems theory can be summarized by Hughess approach which indicates that human managers control a word form of elements which should be geared towards exploitation of the existing social e nvironment, the technological system should resist alteration once it has incorporated all aspects of the environment, society and environment.The systems theory therefore shows that no technology should be treated in isolation as it is part of a bigger system. The relationship between technology and the environment can be understood by the changes that have occurred in the development of the bicycle, this was a technological milestone in the transport industry, however there was extremity to ensure that the bicycle created was safe for all individuals, this called for the collection and incorporation of the various views from the different social groups in order to come up with the required item.In the eighteenth Century when the ox plough was being developed a number of social interestss needed to be addressed in order for it to be socially acceptable. This shows the relationship that Hughes shows in the relationship between technology and social life (McDermott, 1991). Technolog ical momentum is a key aspect that Hughes advocates for as fence to determinism and social constructionism. This will tend to merge the two and therefore creates a process that recognizes the different aspects of the environment that will have an effect on it.This involves talent due credit to socially shaped technologies as instruments of social change to achieve this historians are advised to go beyond determination of social root of technologies to discussing the social effects of the technologies advocated for (Hughes, 1989). Oppenheimer has achieved a status whereby he highlights the need to consider the innovativeness that is associated with technology, as it creates a sustainable society.People would not be more immutable if they do things efficiently but a lot easier, this can only be achieved in the case of innovation. A number of historical occurrences prove the relationship between technology environment, social order and government. This tends to place things in the pe rspectives of Hughes, in agriculture the planning, construction and control of charge the least of the technology controlled methods of irrigation would have have-to doe with some group effort and support from the government forces.The draining of swamps especially in the early mans time using technologies that are now considered outdated required social and political control to divert the water from the swamps (Misa, 1988). Thomas Hughes makes us think about technology and culture he addresses the idea of technology as expressed through the history of the word. There is a tendency of too many people understanding the concept too reductively olibanum masking the real concept that is hidden there under.Technology consists of acts rather than artifacts as expressed by the reductively thinking individuals its constituted through the seminal and critical thinking of people who want to make their life better through creation of new models. This is through technology and creation wher eby America was change from the natural built environment to a human built environment. (Hughes, 1987). He attributes this to the long standing of Christian culture that gave meaning to the technology.This shows the value that has been attached to the relationship between culture, environment and technology. Technology as a machine has been a major factor in the address of the relationship it assumes with other influences. There is need to chart a new line in the development of attitudes that relate to the advancement of technologies. The type of technologies recognized are systems of electricity, communication and mass production, the kind of ecstasy that is associated with this technology has been great and need societal guidance in order to control.The dangers to the environment that have arisen due to technology have also been examined this especially relates to the environment and limitation of its degradation. Stem cell research and cloning is an idea that best illustrates t he need to ensure that relationships between science, technology and societal values are upheld. The technology behind cloning would have not been well received in the world if the aspect of ethics and societal values would not have been incorporated.The technology involves altering the genetic make up of an organism in order to improve its qualities, this goes against the beliefs in a number of societies. Racheal expounds on the need to ensure that the aspects of technology fits into the existing structures of the society and not the other way round, this will create a harmonious co-existence between technology and society. Technology as systems, controls, and information is a theme has also been addressed in the process of achieving the relationship between technology, environment and the society.This addresses the complexity that defined the engineering in America. Hughes tends to focus less on what the outsiders of the technological arena think about and concentrates more on the introduction of systems that will be more comprehensive. (Hughes, 1987). This is in the view of the emergence of counter cultural mechanisms that tends to control and regulate technological advancement. There is need for the development of ecotechnological environment that appreciates the different aspects of life in the world.Hughes in his books has called for the redesign of system in order to protect the environment and return them to their original form (Hughes, 1989) . This shows the kind of appreciation he attaches to the environment in relation to technology. An example is the call to U. S force Corps Engineers to reengineer the region back to its original state in order to increase the condition of the water. Hughes also recognizes Companies that are socially and environmentally responsible even in their pursuit for higher technological pursuits. Engineering relates to a larger cultural sphere.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

An Evaluation of the Performance of Three Different Mutual Funds Essay

Asset AllocationUp to 95% of the stores NAV exit be invested in equities. Minimum of 5% of the monetary funds NAV go out be invested in sukuk, Islamic debt instruments, Islamic money market instruments and/or liquid additions acceptable nether Shariah principle enthronization St yardgy And indemnityRHB Islamic Growth ancestry is geared towards investors who look for Shariah compliant instruments that provide persistent end point capital appreciation. The investment company go forth be in general investing in public listed companies with step-up potential,sukuk, Islamic debt securities and different securities acceptable under the Shariah principles. Selection of equity enthronements of the s drive will be in groove with those in the SCs Shariah list which is updated and published twice a year.The External Investment Manager utilises a strategy that judges beautifully priced companies in undervalued sectors, or in sectors that gravel strong upward stock price mome ntum by seeking businesses that demonstrate strong make up in earnings per share and celebrate to strengthen their lineamental capabilities and competitive positions, amongst others. The investment firm whitethorn invest in unconquerable income securities to preserve the value of the stock under volatile market conditions. For stubborn income securities, the Fund seeks investments amongst the Shariah compliant fixed income papers that are of investment grades. As much(prenominal), the equities dimension whitethorn be reduced. procedure BenchmarkFTSE Bursa Malaysia Emas Shariah Index.Securities whitethorn decline in value collectable to factors affecting securities markets generally or arrayicular industries represented in the securities markets. The value of a security may decline due to general market conditions which are not specialisedally cogitate to a particular company, much(prenominal) as sincere or perceived unfavourable economic conditions, changes in the g eneral outlook for corporate earnings, changes in engage or currency rates or adverse investors sen cartridge clipnt generally. They may to a fault decline due to factors that affect a particular industry or industries, such as labour shortages or change magnitude production costs and competitive conditions within an industry. Equity securities generally pack greater price volatility than The performance of each individual stock that a unit trust fund invests is dependent upon the counselling quality of the particular company and its emersion potential. Hence, this would have an wedge on the unit trust funds prices and its dividend income.RHBIAM aims to reduce all these chance of exposures by using diversification that is expected to reduce the volatility as well as the risk for the Funds portfolio. In addition, RHBIM will also perform continuous fundamental research and analysis to aid its industrious asset parceling management especially in its stock selection process. T his risk is associated with investments that are quoted in remote currency denomination. When an underlying fund is denominated in a foreign currencywhich fluctuates unfavourably against the Ringgit, the investment in the Fund may face currency loss in addition to the capital gains/losses. This will lead to a reject NAV of the Fund. Currency risks could be mitigated on a two-pronged approach. Firstly by spreading the investable assets across differing currencies and secondly by utilising forward contracts to hedge the currencies if it is deemed as necessary to do so. stupefy issuers may default or reschedule their repayment.When this occurs the value of the defaulted truss would fall and cause the NAV of the underlying fund to decline in a similar proportion. This risk target be mitigated by careful selection of wedge funds and in any case this Fund only invests in bond funds that invest in investment grade bonds. The performance of equities and money market instruments held b y the underlying funds are also dependent on company specific factors like the issuers business situation. If the company-specific factors deteriorate, the price of the specific security may drop signifi movetly and permanently, possibly even regardless of an differently generally positive stock market trend. Risks include however are not exceptional to competitive operating environments, changing industry conditions and poor management.Since the Fund invests into funds managed by other fund houses, the Manager has no control over the respective fund houses investment technique, knowledge or management expertise. In the event of mismanagement, the NAV of the Fund which invests into the marker Funds would be affected negatively. Although the probability of such occurrences is far fetched, should the situation arise the Manager reserves the right to seek an alternative fund manager and/or other collective investment scheme that is consistent with the object lens of the Fund. Any changes in national policies and regulations may have an effect on the capital markets in which the score Funds are investing. If this occurs there is a possibility that the unit price of the Fund may be adversely affected. Since a large portion of the Funds NAV is invested in the tail Fund, investment into the Fund assumes the risks inherent in the respective tooshie Funds.The specific risks to investors when investing in the Fund include the following Investment manager riskAs this Fund invests at least 95% of its NAV in the Target Fund, it is subject to the risk associated with the investment manager of the TargetFund. This is the risk associated with the following- (i) The risk that the investment manager may under-perform the target or the benchmark of the Target Fund due to the investment manager making poor forecasts of the performances of securities, asset layeres or markets (ii) The risk of non-adherence to the investment objectives, strategy and policies of the Target Fund, which may occur due to system failure or the inadvertence of the investment manager and(iii)The risk of direct or indirect losses resulting from inadequate or failed operational and administrative processes, systems and people. RHBIM has no control over the investment managers investment strategy, techniques and capabilities, operational controls and management of the Target Fund. Any mismanagement of the Target Fund may negatively affect the NAV of the Fund. In the event of such occurrence, RHBIM would seek an alternative investment manager and/or other target fund that is consistent with the objective of the Fund.Market riskThe value of the instruments in which the Target Fund invests, may go up or down in response to the prospects of individual companies and/or prevailing economic conditions. Movement of overseas markets may also have an impact on the local markets.Currency riskThe Fund invests up to 95% of its NAV in the Target Fund denominated in USD. Fluctuation in forei gn exchange rates will affect the value of the Funds foreign investments when converted into local currency and subsequently the value of whole Holders investments. When USD moves unfavourably against the Ringgit, these investments will suffer currency losses. This is in addition to any capital gains or losses in the investment (please note that capital gains or losses in the Feeder Funds investment in the Target Fund is also exposed to currency gains or losses resulting from fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates between USD and the other currencies which the Target Fund may be e exposed to. RHBIM may utilise the hedging of currencies to mitigate this risk.Liquidity riskThe liquidity risk that exists at the Fund level is associated with the inability of the Target Fund to fill large redemption in a timely manner. In the event of large redemption request that would result in the nitty-gritty redemption shares in the Target Fund to be much than 10% of the shares in the Target Fund or a particular share anatomy of the Target Fund, part or all of such requests for redemption may be deferred for a period typically not exceeding ten Target Fund Business Days.Regulatory riskAny changes in national policies and regulations may have an effect on the capital markets in which the Target Fund is investing. If this occurs, there is a possibility that the unit price of the Fund may be adversely affected.Risk of Substantial buybacksSubstantial redemptions of shares within a limited period of time could require the Target Fund to liquidate positions more rapidly than would otherwise be desirable, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of the Target Fund. This risk may be exacerbated where an investment with a fixed life or where investments utilizing hedging techniques is made by the Target Fund. Suspension of NAV Calculation / Limitation of Redemption Payments The Umbrella Fund may in certain circumstances temporarily suspend the determination of the net asset value per share of the Target Fund or a specific share class of the Target Fund and the issue, redemption or exchange of shares or a particular share class in the Target Fund. As further described in the Target Fund Prospectus, if on any given date requests for redemption of shares relate to more than 10% of the shares in the Target Fund or a particular share class of the Target Fund, part or all of such requests for redemption may be deferred for a period typically not exceeding ten (10) Target Fund Business Days.CIMB PrincipalEquity fundInvestment objectiveTo provide investors with an opportunity to gain consistent and stable income by investing in a diversified portfolio of dividend yielding equities and fixed income securities. The Fund may also provide moderate capital growth potential over the speciality to long term period.Any material changes to the investment objective of the Fund would require Unit prolongers approval.BenchmarkAs this Fund is an equity fund wit h up to 30% of its NAV in foreign equities, the benchmark of the Fund is a compound comp raise 70% KLCI + 30% MSCI AC Asia ex japan. The information on KLCI can be obtained from http//www.bursamalaysia.com and local national newspapers. The information on MSCI AC Asia ex Japan can be obtained from http//www.msci.com/overview/index.html and Bloomberg L.P.Investment policy and bargainer investment strategyThe Fund may invest up to a maximum of 98% of its NAV in equities in order to gain long-term capital growth. The Fund may opt to invest in foreign equities up to a maximum of 30% of its NAV. In line with its objective, the investment policy and strategy of the Fund will be to invest in a diversified portfolio of high dividend yielding stocks and/or fixed income securities aimed at providing a stable income stream in the form of distributions to investors. The asset allocation strategy for this Fund is as followsup to 98% of the Funds NAV in a diversified portfolio of dividend yiel ding equities and/or fixed income securities and at least 2% in liquid assets.The asset allocation will be reviewed periodically depending on the countrys economic and stock market outlook. The Manager will underweight/overweight equities and/or fixed income securities when necessary. CIMB-Principal combines a top-down asset and sector allocation process with a bottom-up stock selection process. The asset allocation decision is made after areview of macroeconomic trends in Malaysia and other global economies. In particular, CIMB Principal analyzes the direction of GDP growth, quest rates, inflation, currencies and government policies. CIMB-Principal will then assess their impact on corporate earnings and make if there are any predictable trends. These trends form the behind for sector selection. The criteria for stock selection would include stocks that have a medium term (2 to 5 years) dividend record or a yearly distribution policy.The Manager will also actively search for unde r-valued high dividend yielding stocks that may also offer promising long term capital appreciation. Stock valuation fundamentals considered are earnings per share growth rate, return on equity, price earnings ratio and net tangible assets multiples. As part of its risk management strategy, the Fund is constructed and managed within pre-determined guidelines. CIMB-Principal employs an active asset allocation strategy depending upon the equity market expectations. Where appropriate, the Manager will also employ an active trading strategy in managing the Fund. As this Fund is justificative in nature and designed to cater for the needs of more risk-averse equity investors, this Fund will serve well in bear market conditions.However, in bull market the Fund will underperform the market as the Manager will not take on more risk to skylark into highly volatile aggressive stocks. Further, in times of adversity in equity markets and as part of its risk management strategy, CIMB-Principal may from time to time reduce its proportion of higher risk assets, such as equities and increase its asset allocation to lower risk assets, such as debentures and liquid assets, to safety device the investment portfolio of the Fund provided that such investments are within the investment objective of the Fund. When deemed necessary, the Manager may also utilize derivative instruments, subject to the SC Guidelines, for purposes such as hedging.The Manager has appointed CIMB-Principal (S), as the Sub-Manager for the foreign investments of this Fund with the approval of the SC and the Trustee. CIMB-Principal (S) will be responsible for investing and managing these foreign investments in pact with the investment objective and within the investment restrictions. All costs of this appointment will be borne by the Manager to ensure no additional remuneration is levied on the Unit holders of this Fund. The Fund may invest in foreign markets where the regulatory authorities are members of the International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO).The Funds investments in foreign markets will be subject to the limit set by BNM and any conditions imposed by the SC from time to time. Currently, the Funds holding in foreign investments will not exceed 30% of its NAV. The Sub-Manager may invest beyond this limit provided the approvals are obtained from the relevant authorities (where necessary) and any increase will be reflected in a supplementary prospectus (if deemed necessary). Notwithstanding the aforesaid, the Sub-Manager may decide not to invest in foreign securities as may be agreed upon by the Manager from time to time.Balanced fundInvestment objectiveTo grow the value of investment over the long term through a diversified portfolio with equity and fixed income securities. Any material changes to the investment objective of the Fund would require Unit holders approval.BenchmarkAs this Fund may invest up to 60% of it NAV in equities with the balance in fixed income securities, the benchmark of the Fund is a composite comprising 60% KLCI + 40% CIMB lodge 1-month Fixed Deposit Rate. The information on KLCI can be obtained from http//www.bursamalaysia.com and local national newspapers. The information on CIMB Bank 1-month Fixed Deposit Rate can be obtained from CIMB Bank website (www.cimbbank.com.my). Investment policy and principal investment strategyThe Fund aims to invest in a diversified portfolio of equities and fixed income investments. In line with its objective, the investment policy and strategy of the Fund will be to maintain a balanced portfolio between equities and fixed income investments in the ratio of 6040. The fixed income portion of the Fund is to provide some capital stability to the Fund whilst the equity portion will provide the added return in a rising market. The investments by the Fund in equity securities shall not exceed 60% of the NAV of the Fund and investments in fixed income securities and liquid assets shal l not be less than 40% of the NAV of the Fund with a minimum rating of BBB3 or P3 by bone up or equivalent rating by MARC, Moodys, S&P or Fitch. The asset allocation strategy for this Fund is as followsthe equity securities will not exceed 60% of the Net Asset Value of the Fund investments in fixed income securities and liquid assets shall not be less than 40% of the NAV of the Fund and at all times, at least 2% of the NAV of the Fund must be maintained in liquid assets. The asset allocation will be reviewed periodically depending on the countrys economic and stock market outlook. In a rising market, the 60% limit may be breached. However, the Manager will seek to adjust this within a time frame approve by the Trustee. CIMB-Principal will adopt an active trading strategy and is therefore especially selective in the buying and selling of securities for the Fund. For the fixed income portion, CIMB-Principal formulates the interest rate outlook by considering factors such as the Mal aysian inflation rate, monetary policies and economic growth. With an interest rate outlook and yield curve analysis, CIMB-Principal identifies the weightiness of the investment tenor and credit for the Fund.In the unlikely event of a credit rating downgrade, the investment manager reserves the right to deal with the security in the best interest of the Unit holders. As active fund managers, CIMB-Principal has in place flexible tolerance limits to cater to such situations. CIMB-Principal can for example, continue to hold the downgraded security if the immediate disposal of the security would not be in the best interest of the Unit holders. For the equities portion, CIMB-Principal combines a top-down asset and sector allocation process with a bottom-up stock selection process. The asset allocation decision is made after a review of macroeconomic trends in Malaysia and other global economies. In particular, CIMB-Principal analyzes the direction of GDP growth, interest rates, inflatio n, currencies and government policies. CIMB Principal will then assess their impact on corporate earnings and determine if there are any predictable trends. These trends form the basis for sector selection. Stock selection is based on the growth style of equity investing.As such, the criteria for stock selection would include improving fundamentals and growth at reasonable valuations. Stock valuation fundamentals considered are earnings per share growth rate, return on equity, price earnings ratio and net tangible assets multiples. As part of its risk management strategy, the Fund is constructed and managed within pre-determined guidelines. Essentially, CIMB Principal employs an active asset allocation strategydepending upon the equity market expectations, and at the same time monitors the bond portfolio according to three (3) parameters tenor, credit ratings and sector. The duration of the bond portfolio is also monitored and modified according to the Managers interest rate outlook (i.e. the sensitivity of the portfolio to interest rate changes).In response to adverse conditions and as part of its risk management strategy, CIMB-Principal may from time to time reduce its proportion of higher risk assets, such as equities and increase its asset allocation to lower risk assets, such as debentures and liquid assets, to safeguard the investment portfolio of the Fund provided that such investments are within the investment objective of the Fund. Additionally, for investments in debt markets, the Manager may reduce holdings in longer tenured assets and channel these monies into shorter-term interest bearing deposits. When deemed necessary, the Manager may also utilize derivative instruments, subject to the SC Guidelines, for purposes such as hedging.Bond fundInvestment objectiveThe objective of CIMB-Principal Bond Fund is to provide regular income as well as to achieve medium to long term capital appreciation through investments primarily in Malaysian bonds. Any mat erial changes to the investment objective of the Fund would require Unit holders approval.BenchmarkThe benchmark of the Fund is the RAM Quant shop MGS Bond Index (Medium Sub-Index). Information on the benchmark can be obtained from http//www.quantshop.com Investment policy and principal investment strategyUp to 98% of the Funds NAV may be invested in debentures carrying at least an A3 or P2 rating by RAM or equivalent rating by MARC, Moodys, S&P or Fitch. The rest of the Fund is maintained in the form of liquid assets to meet any redemption payments to Unit holders. In line with its objective, the investment strategy and policy of the Fund is to invest in a diversified portfolio of approved fixed income securities consisting primarily of bonds, aimed to provide a steady stream of income. The asset allocation for theFund is as follows up to 98% in debentures and other permissible investments and at least 2% in liquid assets.The asset allocation strategy will be reviewed periodically depending on the countrys economic and bond market outlook. CIMB Principal will adopt an active trading strategy and will be especially selective in the buying and selling of securities for the Fund. CIMB-Principal formulates an interest rate outlook through examining factors such as the Malaysian inflation rate, monetary policies and economic growth. With an interest rate outlook and yield curve analysis, CIMB-Principal identifies the weighting of the investment tenor and credit for the Fund. In the unlikely event of a credit rating downgrade, the Manager reserves the right to deal with the security in the best interest of the unit holders. As active fund managers, CIMB-Principal has in place flexible tolerance limits to cater to such situations. CIMB Principal can for example, continue to hold the downgraded security if the immediate disposal of the security would not be in the best interest of the unit holders.As part of its risk management strategy, the Fund is constructed and managed within pre-determined guidelines. Essentially, CIMB Principal monitors the bond portfolio according to three (3) parameters tenor, credit ratings and sector. The duration of the bond portfolio is also monitored and modified according to the Managers interest rate outlook (i.e. the sensitivity of the portfolio to interest rate changes). In response to adverse conditions and as part of its risk management strategy, CIMB-Principal may reduce holdings in longer tenured assets and channel these monies into shorter-term interest bearing deposits. The Manager may also from time to time invest in liquid assets to safeguard the investment portfolio of the Fund provided that such investments are within the investment objective of the Fund. When deemed necessary, the Manager may also utilize derivative instruments, subject to the SC Guidelines for purposes such as hedging.Invesco Asia al-Qaida Fund (the Target Fund) is a sub-fund of Invesco Funds (the SICAV). The SICAV is incorporated as a socit anonyme under the laws of the Grand-Duchy of capital of Luxembourg and qualifies as an open-ended socit dinvestissement capital variable. The SICAV is authorized as an undertaking for collectiveinvestment in transferable securities under the law of 20th December, 2002. The SICAV was incorporated in Luxembourg on 31st July, 1990. The Directors of the SICAV are responsible for the management and administration of the SICAV and for its overall investment policy.The Directors of the SICAV have appointed Invesco caution S.A. as management company to be responsible on a day to day basis under the supervision of the Directors, for providing administration, marketing, investment management and advice services in respect of all Invesco Funds. Invesco Management S.A. has delegated the investment management services to Invesco Hong Kong Limited (Invesco Hong Kong), who has discretionary investment management powers in respect of the Target Fund. Invesco Management S.A. was incorp orated as a socit anonyme under the laws of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on 19th September 1991 and its articles of incorporation are deposited with the Luxembourg Registre de Commerce et des Socits. Invesco Management S.A. is approved as a management company regulated by chapter 13 of the 2002 Law. As at December 2007, its capital amounts to USD 3,840,000 and the Directors of the SICAV are also composing the add-in of directors of Invesco Management S.A.Invesco Management S.A. shall ensure compliance of the SICAV with the investment restrictions and oversee the implementation of the SICAVs strategies and investment policy. Invesco Management S.A. shall send reports to the Directors of the SICAV on a quarterly basis and inform each board member without delay of any noncompliance of the Company with the investment restrictions. J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A. (JPMorgan) has been appointed as the Custodian of the assets of the SICAV which will be held either directly by JPMorgan or through correspondents, nominees, agents or delegates of JPMorgan. J.P. Morgan was incorporated as a socit anonyme incorporated on 16th May, 1973 and has its registered confidence at 6, route de Trves, L-2633 Senningerberg, Grand- Duchy of Luxembourg.Investment objective and policyThe Target Fund aims to achieve long term capital growth from investments in a diversified portfolio of Asian securities of issuers which are predominantly engaged in radical activities. At least 70% of the total assets of the Target Fund (without taking into draw ancillaryliquid assets) shall be invested in equity and debt securities denominated in any convertible currency issued by Asian companies predominantly active in the infrastructure sector. Asian companies shall mean companies listed in an Asian stock market and having their registered office in an Asian country or established in other countries but carrying out their business activities predominantly in Asia or holding companies investing pre dominantly in equity of companies having their registered office in an Asian country. Up to 30% of the total assets of the Target Fund may be invested in aggregate in cash and cash equivalents, money market instruments, equity and equity related instruments or debt securities (including convertible debt) issued by companies or other entities not meeting the above requirement.Invesco Hong Kong is an active manager combining bottom-up and top-down multi-factor analysis, although they have a strong focus on bottom-up stock selection where they believe it can add value. The investment universe mainly includes companies in the Asia Pacific ex-Japan orbit that are principally engaged in infrastructure-related activities, including companies that are involved in providing the foundation of basic services, facilities and institutions upon which the growth and development of a community depends. In addition, blue infrastructure that includes financial support (e.g. project financing from i nvestment banks) and maintenance support (e.g. management of communication networks) also fall into this definition. Broadly speaking, infrastructure can be classified as but is not limited to Economic Infrastructure to support the long term growth of the economy.These assets have a long operating life and strong monopoly position. Examples roads, airports and ports. Utilities to provide essential services for the community. Examples gas/ energy/ electricity generation, distribution and retailing, water distribution and waste treatment. Social Infrastructure to provide public sector facilities for the society. This sector has emerged as governments have embraced the public private partnership concept in order to encourage operation efficiency.Examples train stations, hospitals, schools and stadiums. Commercial infrastructure private sector initiatives to cater for technology advancement. Examples satellites, cable networks and renewable power plants. For the purpose of this Fund , the Manager will be investing in Class C of the Target Fund. As at LPD, only Accumulation Sharesare available for this share class. Investors holding Accumulation Shares will not retrieve any distributions. Instead, the income due to them will be rolled up to enhance the value of the Accumulation Shares.

Friday, May 24, 2019

An Introduction to Cataracts

Abstract Cataracts impart affect almost every whizs vision at some point in their life. Some people may be able to deal with the cataracts with glasses while others must hasten cataract surgery in order to improve their vision. The paper explains what a cataract is, who it affects, the development of cataract surgery principal to modern day surgical proficiencys, as well as the possible complications and benefits after cataract surgery.There was once a time that cataracts caused people to become what they considered blind, precisely now with modern technology and modern medicine people have the ability to proceed with their life with just minor adjustments to their daily activities. An Introduction to Cataracts and Cataract mathematical process Everyone has different vision, and everyone has different points in their life where they may notice their vision changing. One major medical condition that john affect a persons vision is a cataract.It is important to understand what a cataract is and who it commonly impacts, the development of cataract surgery leading to the modern surgical technique, and the possible complications and benefits of having cataract surgery. What is a Cataract and Who is ordinarily Impacted? A cataract, simply put, is the cloudiness of the clear natural lens in the eye (Buettner, p. 101). People who have cataracts have dither seeing acutely figures, often times the objects they see are fuzzy or dim. The cataracts do not form suddenly but progress and get to a greater extent advanced with time.The natural proteins of the lens begin to deteriorate between the age of 40 and 45 ( immaturemark, 38). People with cataracts often have trouble driving, difficulty reading, and even trouble seeing expressions on others faces. Cataracts can too cause extreme trouble with sensitivity to sunlight and headlights or streetlights (p. 101). Cataracts occur with the normal maturation sclerosis, as the lens becomes less resilient, less transpare nt, and thicker (Gordon, p. 50). In The Eye Book cataracts are compared to wrinkles and gray hair, eventually it is something everyone will get.It just isnt acknowledged until somebody has a lot of the above mentioned gray hair and wrinkles (Cassel, p. 128). Most Americans by the age of 65 have some type of cataracts or clouding of the lens. fit in to the National Eye Institute, cataracts occur in roughly half of Americans aged 65 and over (Gordon, p. 49). Certain factors can also increase the risk for create cataracts. The factors include advanced age, diabetes, a family history of cataracts, extensive exposure to sunlight, smoking, obesity, high blood oblige, previous eye injury or inflammation or clod to the eye (American Academy of Ophthalmology, p. 1).Cataracts are also found to be more present in women than in men, more common in African Americans than in Caucasians, and more common in developing countries along the tropical belt than in the join States and Europe (Cassel , p. 132). A recent study also showed that hapless nutrition also increased the percentage of cataract formation (Guttman, p. 1). The formation of cataracts can also be advanced by the use of corticosteroid use and exuberant alcohol consumption (Buettner, p. 106). It is also worth mentioning that occasionally children can be born with cataracts or develop them at a very young age, this is called a Congenital cataract.This can be caused by the mother having German measles during pregnancy, due to a chemical imbalance, or a developmental imbalance. These cataracts are outback(a) quickly if they are de limitined to be affecting the childs vision (p. 106). If a person truly feels that they do not see to their all-encompassing potential then it is in their best interest to consult with their ophthalmologist and have their vision evaluated to see if surgery would be beneficial. What is the Process of Cataract Surgery? at once the patient decides they are ready to pursue cataract surg ery a few steps need to be returnn.The patient will need to be seen by an ophthalmologist. The patient will have a dilated eye exam with the doctor along with testing prior to surgery. The testing performed is done to determine what power of Intraocular lens, or IOL, should be placed in the eye to give the patient to best vision possible. The testing is often called an A-scan or an IOL Master. The patient may also have a Corneal Topography done if they have an astigmatism. An astigmatism is an irregular shaping of the cornea and the corneal topography is just a picture or mapping of the cornea.The doctor also uses this test when determining which power of lens will be enter at the time of surgery. Of course ahead any surgery can examine place the patient must also complete the necessary paperwork. Cataract surgery used to be a major surgery, an inpatient procedure with general anesthesia and about a week stay in the local hospital (Gordon, p. 59). The procedure itself was much h arder on patient. The physician made an incision about a half-inch long, through which they removed the cataract and replaced it with a thick glass lens and then later an artificial lens (p. 9). Today the procedure is done on an outpatient cornerstone under local anesthesia in about thirty minutes. In fact, each year over 1. 5 million cataract surgeries are performed in the United States (p. 49). There two different ways a cataract can be removed, either by extracapsular surgery or phacoemulsification (Kanski, p. 346). Extracapsular surgery became common in the eighties when IOLs became more widely used (p. 346). The capsular bag is opened approximately 10 mm and the lens material is removed in one piece.This technique is beneficial for dense and firm cataracts that would be difficult to break up by phacoemulsification, which will be discussed later (Cassel, p. 150). Once the artificial lens is implanted the incision is stitched. The stitches rarely have to be removed, and usually disintegrate over time (Gordon, p. 60). Because the size of the incision on the eye is rather large, healing does take a few weeks (p. 60). This type of cataract surgery can also induce significant post-operative astigmatism resulting from the large incision and the need for stitches (Kanski, p. 346).Phacoemulsification is the newest and most common manner of cataract extraction (Gordon, p. 60). The doctor elucidates a tiny incision, about 3mm long and uses a tool, called a phaco handpiece, that breaks up the solid cataract into tiny pieces using ultrasound. Then a senselessness is used to essentially suck out the tiny fragments of the cataract from the capsule. (Buettner, p. 111). No stitches are needed to close the incision because the incision is so small that the natural pressure within the eye holds the incision tightly closed, and allows the wound to heal quickly (Gordon, pp. 60-61).Another major difference is how the artificial lens is implanted. The lens is actually folde d before it is inserted into the capsule and once placed into the capsule it is unfolded. This is done because the incision is so small the unfolded lens wouldnt be able to fit through the initiation (p. 61). The smaller incision makes the procedure safer and provides an earlier refraction postoperatively (Kanski, pp. 346-347). There is also less risk for iris prolapse (p. 347). Phacoemulsification offers good long-term results and in 97-98 percent of all cases there are no complications, when done by a well experienced surgeon (Gordon, p. 1). Following surgery a evasive shield is placed over the eye and the patient is sent home with instructions to use postoperative drops to prevent infection and inflammation (p. 67). The patient will follow up with their doctor the day after surgery and then during the following 6 weeks to check the eyes healing (Buettner, p. 112). Former restrictions were placed on patients that kept them from bending and lifting are becoming things of the past . Patients can resume normal activities almost immediately following surgery, of course any activites should be cleared by the patients physician (Cassel, p. 52). Patients will need to wear dark sunglasses following surgery when they are outdoors in order to reduce the effects of gleam (Gordon, p. 67). What are the Complications and Benefits of Surgery? As with any type of surgery there is always risk involved when you have an operative procedure done. Although cataract surgery is one of the lower risk surgeries performed in the United States, there are some complications that should be discussed. Some complications can regain during the surgery and some can happen after the surgery during the healing process.While the physician is extracting the cataract the posterior capsule can rupture (Kanski, p. 349). If this happens the patient can be left with long term complications including vitreous loss, an up-drawn pupil, uveitis, vitreous touch, vitreous wick syndrome, endophthalmitis , glaucoma, posterior dislocation of the IOL, retinal detachment, and chronic cystoid macular dropsy (p. 349). Another dangerous risk is dislocation of the IOL after surgery, the IOL can become dislodged into the vitreous cavity and is a result of improper implantation (p. 53). If left untreated it can lead to vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, uveitis, and chronic cystoid macular edema (p. 353). A suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a bleed into the suprachorooidal space which could result in the extrusion of intraocular contents, it is an un likely complication with the phacoemulsification technique (p. 353). Unfortunately, dislocated IOLs are becoming more frequent with the changing IOL designs and it is necessary that those dislocated lens be addressed immediately for the patients benefit (Rajecki, p. 1).Endophthalmitis is a rare but serious infection, symptoms include vision loss, pain not relieved by OTC pain medications, a significant increase in eye redness, flashes of ligh t or floaters, nausea or vomiting (Buettner, p. 113). Of course the benefits of surgery are very clear. The patients can walk away with improved vision and also the possibility of not having to wear glasses. Technology cut acrosss to improve and there are multiple lenses for patients to choose from. These lenses offer deluxe options such as correction for astigmatism and multiple focal points.This allows people who have never been able to function without their glasses on to have cataract surgery to do it their lives without glasses, and in a true sense live a whole new life The patients that have successful cataract surgery do not regret the choice they made in fact they likely wonder why they waited so long to make the choice to proceed with surgery. They often times say they didnt realize the house was so unsporting or they had so many wrinkles until they got home from the cataract surgery. It is clear that cataracts and cataract surgery is a very complicated and detailed subj ect.It should be very important to the patient that they make a wise decision when it comes to their eyes and the care they receive. Patients will continue to see ophthalmology care grow and change all the time and it will continue to get better. It is encouraging to see that through time things have only gotten better and more advanced for patient care. References American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2011). Who Is at risk of infection for Cataracts? Billig, O. D. , Michael, Cassel, M. D. , Gary, Randall, M. D. , Harry. (1998). The Eye Book A Complete Guide to Eye Disorders and Health. Baltimore, MD Johns Hopkins Press. Buettner, M. D. Helmut. (2002). Mayo Clinic on Vision and Eye Health. Rochester, MNKensington Publishing. Gordon, Sandra. (2001). The Aging Eye. New York, NY Simon & Schuster. Guttman, Cheryl. (2009, October 1). Analyses turn out Association Between Risk Factors,Cataracts. Ophthalmology Times. Kanski, Jack J. (2007). Clinical Ophthalmology A Systemic Approach. Phila delphia, PAButterworth, Heinemann, Elsevier. Newmark, M. D. , Emanuel. (2006). Ophthalmic Medical Assisting. San Francisco, CA Essilor Rajecki, Ron. (2008, October 15). Advances in Cataract Surgery Bring New ComplicationsAlong with Benefits. Ophthalmology Times.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Kim Fuller Essay

In the early fall of 2002, Kim well-lined was employed as a district sales engineer for a large chemical firm. During a routine discussion with plant chemists, air-filled learned that the connection had developed a use for the recycled material, in pulverized form, make from plastic soda pop bottles. Because the state had mandatory deposits all beverage bottles. Fuller realized that a ready generate of this material was available. All that was necessary was an organization to tap that bottle supply, grind the bottles, and deliver the pulverized plastic to the chemical company. It was an opportunity Fuller had long awaiteda chance to take over a business. In November 2002 Fuller began checking into the costs involved in setting up a plastic bottle grinding business. A used motortruck and three trailers were acquired to pick up the empty bottles. Fuller purchased one used grinding machine exactly had to buy a second one upstart-fashionedSupplies and pans necessary to run and maintain the machines were also purchased.Fuller also purchased a personal computer with the intention of using it to keep company records. These items used $65,000 of the $75,000 Fuller had saved and invested in the company. A warehouse costing $162,000 was found in an excellent location for the business. Fuller was able to interest family members enough in this projection that three of them, two sisters and a brother, invested $30, 000 each. These funds gave Fuller the$50,000 down payment on the warehouse. The bank approved a mortgage for the balance on the building. In granting the mortgage, however, the bank 0fficial suggested that Fuller start from the beginning with proper accounting records. He said these records would help not only with future bank dealings but also with tax returns and general management of the company.He suggested Fuller find a good accountant to provide assistance from the start, to get things going on the right foot. Fullers neighbor, Marion Zimmer, was an accountant with a local firm. When they sat down to talk about the new business, Fuller explained, I know wee about keeping proper records. Zimmer suggested Fuller should buy an off-the-shelf accounting system software package from a local office supply retailer. Zimmer promised to help Fuller select and install the package as well as learn how to use it. In order to select the compete package for Fullers exacts, Zimmer asked Fuller to list all of the items purchased for the business, a11 of the debts incurred, and the information Fullerwould need to manage the business. Zimmer explained that not al l of this information would be captured by the accounting records and displayed in financial statements.Based on what Fuller told Zimmer, Zimmer promised to create files to accommodate accounting and non-accounting information that Fuller could access through the companys personal computer. As Fullers first lesson in accounting, Zimmer gave Fuller a brief conjure on the nature of the balance sheet and income statement and suggested Fuller draw up an opening balance sheet for the company. Confident now that the venture was first on solid ground, Kim Fuller opened the warehouse, signed contracts with two local bottling companies, and hired two grinding machine workers and a truck driver. By February 2003 the new firm was making regular deliveries to Fullers former employer.Questions1. What information will Fuller need to manage the business? Classify this information in two categories accounting information and non-accounting information. 2. See what you can do to draw up a beginning of business list of the assets and 1iabilities of Fullers company making any assumptions you consider useful. How should Fuller go about putting a value on the companys assets? Using your values, what is the companys opening owners equity? 3. Now that Fuller has started to make sales, what information is needed to determine receipts and loss? What should be the general construc tion of a profit and loss analysis for Fullers business? How frequently should Fuller do such all analysis? 4. What other kinds of changes in assets, 1iabilities, and owners claims will need careful recording and reporting if Fuller is to keep in control of the business?

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Caloric Content of Food

Ocean County College De break apartment of Chemistry Caloric Content of food Submitted by Jamie Kaiser envision Submitted10/2/12 Date Performed10/2/12 Lab segment Chem-180 Course InstructorBassa Purpose The purpose of the try out was to take intellectual nourishments and to find out the energy heart of the foods that we are experimenting with. By hands on tan or the food and taking the date that we find and putting it into pars to find what is needed. Procedure After organizing either the equipment necessary to perform the lab correctly and safety, I leadd the empty beaker on to the ordered series and recorded the weight.Then I filled the beaker with 50 ml of urine and measured it and recorded my results. I then place the beaker onto the burner stand. I took the temperature of the water before heating it up. I first started with the marshmallow. I put the marshmallow onto the fork and measured its weight. Then I lit the marshmallow on hassle and place it under the beake r. After the flame was extinguished I measure the temperature of the water and recorded it. I then place the remains of the marshmallow and fork onto the scale and recorded my findings. I proceeded to do the same thing with a wal crosspatch and then with a white potato trip and recording the results of each.Observations and Results Data Table 1 Food Item Observations Food Item Description Marshmallow Walnut Potato Chip portion of food & holder initial 40. 4g 18. 3 g 16g plentifulness of food & holder final 38. 8g 16. 3g 13. 5g Mass of food burnt 1. 6g 2g 2. 5g Mass of beaker 66. 5g 66. 4g 66. 5g Mass of beaker & water 107. 2g 108. 2g 108. 2g Mass of water 40. 7g 41. 8g 41. 7g peeing temp. initial 23 degrees C 22 degrees C 22 degrees C Water temp. final 31 degrees C 72 degrees C 32 degrees C Delta T (oC change) 8 degrees C 50 degrees C 10 degrees CConclusions From the hands on suffer of doing this experiment, I have been able to better determine the formula to fin d the energy release per gram and to properly put the information into the equation. I without delay have a better understanding of calorimetry and how divers(prenominal) products vary in caloric content. References 1. 1. Hands-On Labs, Inc. (2012). General College Chemistry Physical and Chemical Properties. (Manual page 94-100) Questions A. Which of the foods tried contains the most energy per gram? The potato deterrent B. How do your experimental results compare to published values?Considering the only published value that I experimented with was the marshmallow, I would have to say my results were above average. C. What type of reply is used in calorimetry? Combustion reaction D. What are the products of the reactions? Carbon dioxide and water E. Where did the products go? Into the air, a part of the atmosphere F. A student performing an experiment to catch the caloric content of a cashew nut collected the following data ?Mass of cashew nut before burning 0. 55 g ?After bu rning 0. 05 g ?Temp. increase of 200 g of water 7. 0 oC 1. augur the natural energy released by the combustion of the cashew nut by using the water temp. increase, the mass of the water and specific heat capacity of water. 58576 Joules. Using the equation Q= delta t x m x cp 2. Calculate the energy released per gram of cashew nut consumed in the reaction. 58576 Joules/0. 55g = 106502/4. 184= 25455= 2. 5 Cal 3. Using the following standards (carbohydrates (4 Cal/g), protein (4 Cal/g), and fats 9 Cal/g), determine the caloric content of a bag of your favorite(a) snack food. Special K cracker chips Carb = 92 Protein= 8 Fats = 22. 5Caloric Content of FoodOcean County College Department of Chemistry Caloric Content of Food Submitted by Jamie Kaiser Date Submitted10/2/12 Date Performed10/2/12 Lab Section Chem-180 Course InstructorBassa Purpose The purpose of the experiment was to take foods and to find out the energy content of the foods that we are experimenting with. By hands on burni ng or the food and taking the date that we find and putting it into equations to find what is needed. Procedure After organizing all the equipment necessary to perform the lab correctly and safety, I placed the empty beaker on to the scale and recorded the weight.Then I filled the beaker with 50 ml of water and measured it and recorded my results. I then place the beaker onto the burner stand. I took the temperature of the water before heating it up. I first started with the marshmallow. I put the marshmallow onto the fork and measured its weight. Then I lit the marshmallow on fire and place it under the beaker. After the flame was extinguished I measure the temperature of the water and recorded it. I then place the remains of the marshmallow and fork onto the scale and recorded my findings. I proceeded to do the same thing with a walnut and then with a potato trip and recording the results of each.Observations and Results Data Table 1 Food Item Observations Food Item Description M arshmallow Walnut Potato Chip Mass of food & holder initial 40. 4g 18. 3 g 16g Mass of food & holder final 38. 8g 16. 3g 13. 5g Mass of food burnt 1. 6g 2g 2. 5g Mass of beaker 66. 5g 66. 4g 66. 5g Mass of beaker & water 107. 2g 108. 2g 108. 2g Mass of water 40. 7g 41. 8g 41. 7g Water temp. initial 23 degrees C 22 degrees C 22 degrees C Water temp. final 31 degrees C 72 degrees C 32 degrees C Delta T (oC change) 8 degrees C 50 degrees C 10 degrees CConclusions From the hands on experience of doing this experiment, I have been able to better understand the formula to find the energy release per gram and to properly put the information into the equation. I now have a better understanding of calorimetry and how different products vary in caloric content. References 1. 1. Hands-On Labs, Inc. (2012). General College Chemistry Physical and Chemical Properties. (Manual page 94-100) Questions A. Which of the foods tested contains the most energy per gram? The potato chip B. Ho w do your experimental results compare to published values?Considering the only published value that I experimented with was the marshmallow, I would have to say my results were above average. C. What type of reaction is used in calorimetry? Combustion reaction D. What are the products of the reactions? Carbon dioxide and water E. Where did the products go? Into the air, a part of the atmosphere F. A student performing an experiment to determine the caloric content of a cashew nut collected the following data ?Mass of cashew nut before burning 0. 55 g ?After burning 0. 05 g ?Temp. increase of 200 g of water 7. 0 oC 1.Calculate the total energy released by the combustion of the cashew nut by using the water temp. increase, the mass of the water and specific heat capacity of water. 58576 Joules. Using the equation Q= delta t x m x cp 2. Calculate the energy released per gram of cashew nut consumed in the reaction. 58576 Joules/0. 55g = 106502/4. 184= 25455= 2. 5 Cal 3. Using the follo wing standards (carbohydrates (4 Cal/g), protein (4 Cal/g), and fats 9 Cal/g), determine the caloric content of a bag of your favorite snack food. Special K cracker chips Carb = 92 Protein= 8 Fats = 22. 5

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Lost in Translation Essay

Most linguists would say that there is no such thing as a perfect translation and that something is always befogged when we move from matchless style to another. Sometimes when translating, there might be the difficulty, of finding a word that expresses or means the same thing, and because there isnt one specific word that means the same as the other, instead of putting one word, umpteen are used, to describe the address heart and soul. Each language has a specific way in which the language structure a sentence (grammatical rules to structure a sentence), so that the sentence fuel make sense.Because meaning changes from one language to another, words need to be added or omitted and the structure of the sentence needs to change, so that meaning of the words can be more accurately construed. When translating one needs to at times transmute the meaning, and not the words, because the words could have different meanings. Even though the structure has changed the meaning can s till be the same, they are just said in different ways.Each language has its own set of grammatical rules (and conjugations), which is why when one word is translated into another (in a different language), the grammatical structure also has to be correct, in order for the sentence to make sense. So in many cases, when translating, the grammatical structure needs to change too. After translating the words or sentence, and changing the grammatical structure, when the meanings are compared in different languages, they are more or less the same.But if you translate the words in their direct meaning, the sentence wont make sense. Example of words, using different words to translate the meaning more accurately EnglishDirect translation into Spanish Are you serious? Estas tu serio? This translation doesnt make sense in Spanish. The words need to change so that the translation of the meaning, or expression is correct. The correct way of expressing these words in Spanish would be No me diga s But when you translate these words back into the original language (English), the meaning would change.The direct translation of No me digas is Dont tell me. In English when you compare the words are you serious? to Dont tell me the meanings are different. Are you serious? would mean Are you kidding? Really Or I cant believe it While Dont tell me would mean Dont tell me whats going to happen or dont talk to me, I dont want to hear it When comparing the meanings, one can see the obvious difference. So in order to get off the same meaning, words as well as their structure need to change.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Choose To Have An Abortion Essay

Abortion, a word you sustain all heard or said. It is a word that has been in conversations and debates across the country. There is the pro-life side, and the pro- election side. Abortion is a choice for women, not the giving medication. Women to twenty-four hour period have the choice of self-determination, to determine whether or not they want to bear children. unearthly leaders ar trying to abolish the idea of separation of church and state by influencing the regimen into making a law that favors their religion. The organization should not be influenced by these religions if they want to remain constitutional.How would you purport if you were a woman who has been un pass judgmently impregnated and all of a sudden, you would have to drop everything you have done in your life, school, and work? How would your friends and family react to this? What would happen to your social status? This is the dilemma many women face who have had an throwaway(prenominal) gestation period . Children have been natural into kinsfolks that were not expecting a featherbed or unsuitable homes where the p atomic number 18nts live in poverty. Children born into unsuitable homes will frequently have social, physical and mental problems. Whether the parents dont have decorous money to support the child, or there is an abusive parent, the child will be damaged and routine have a proper upbringing. Unwanted children are also more likely to commit crimes. If the child was expected and was planned, or so likely the parents will take the proper precautions in having a baby, such as acquire financially situated and having a nice home in a good neighborhood.Abortion croup be very necessary in special cases. Consider this a 12-year-old girl is walking home from her school, and she is raped. After a doctors checkup, she finds out that she is pregnant. This is a twelve-year-old girl, should she have to have a child when it wasnt even her fault? She would have to care for this b aby her entire life. But in this day and age, there is the choice of abortion. She and her family could take advantage of modern technology to save their daughters life. She could exclusively put it up for adoption, near? Wrong.This poor girl would have to endure labor, and whence the child would have to endure growing up without his or her real mother. There are also many problems with adoption. select children will always have emotional issues concerning being adopted and dealing with the fact the parents they thought were their biologic parents actually arent. Adoptedchildren frequently grow up to be problem teens and adults. So if adoption is your anti-abortion, then there are more complications than you thought.Abortion doesnt stop with the legality issues. Abortions will still happen, whether they are legal or not. The problem is that these back-alley abortions are extremely unsafe. In past years, thousands of women have died from illegal abortions. The women who died wer e only if trying to practice their right wing to self-determination.The cultural and religious views of abortion continue to be an extremely het up(p) debate. The Roman Catholic Church, Hinduism, and Buddhism teach that the soul enters the body at or before conception. Whereas Judaism, Islam, andof courseAtheism, hypothesise that the foetus is not yet a full human being, and thus killing a fetus is not murder. The Roman Catholic Church is one of the most vocal of the religions. They say abortion is terminating a human life, but the other side disagrees.Now religious leaders, especially those from the Roman Catholic Church, are attempting to make their beliefs into laws for the entire country. They are attempting to abolish the law of separation of church and state, written in the composing. They say, that since most of the country believes that abortion is wrong, that means the other religions, that dont believe that, should believe it anyway. They are ignore the fact that they arent the only religion in the United States.Another idea in the Constitution is the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. If women have those constitutional rights, that means they have a right to have a life, and be happy. If being happy means not having a child, then their right is to have a choice of abortion.One other idea that an amendment to the Constitution states is the right of privacy. The fourteenth amendment says that a citizen has a right to privacy, or the right of a woman to terminate her motherliness. Any law that makes abortion illegal violates the imputable Process Clause of the fourteenth amendment, and therefore is unconstitutional. This idea was stated in theRoe v. Wade decision.In conclusion, abortion should remain legal. Abortion should be a choice. Abortion should not be up to the government or any religious leaders it should be a choice for the woman. The woman that has an unwanted pregnancy should decide whether she is able to support a b aby, and whether she is able to provide a safe environment for a baby. To make abortion illegal, would be taking away a womans right to privacy, and her right to life, liberty and happiness. Just think about what you would do in a situation where you had an unwanted pregnancy that directly affected you.Keep thinking about the women out there that would have to raise a child under horrible conditions like poverty and abuse. Think about the children that would grow up in an unsuitable home, who do one thing wrong, and get persecuted by the government that could have saved their life. The government has a choice to make A choice whether to listen to the religious leaders demanding that abortion is wrong, or to listen to the women and children who would be affected by this law. You decide whether you think abortion is killing a babyor saving a life.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Mahou Factory

Mahou Factory Visit Mahou is a Spanish brewery house founded in the year 1890, in the capital Madrid. The conjunction created a reputation for it self that precedes it even now a days, for its quality of labor and the traditionalism of the issue. Today the union is among the largest and approximately powerful brewery in Spain with a sovereign market share. The main brewery manufacturing plant, being the one we visited, is located in the outskirts of Madrid, Alovera Guadalajara to be more specific. The Factory is the biggest in Spain and second biggest in Europe, it is unique in Europe for its intricate automatized physical process and innovative technology.The factory produces up to 4 million liters of beer a DAY. Trough out our visit we could observe the process of production of the beer, most being completely automatized, yet having identify workers in key locations were mistakes jackpotnot occur. Even the most efficient machines shadow pull ahead mistakes, the problem is that the problem wont be spotted it since its and automatized process thitherfore you need the scientist and key workers in place to reassure the smoothness of the process. This could be considered a poki oki in Japanese terms or a security measure for the avoidance of problems in the production process.From the beginning we could observe a complex system practically runed by computers, the only un automatized process is the lab and examination of samples. But in gild to take for chequer of quality, its a process that need to be done with detail and personal, to keep better control of quality even if the cost for it might be high. This with the large control inhabit constantly observing and exacting the brewing process day and night, 24/7, 365 days a year, make it a supper efficient machine for quality control and cost control.The control room has constant machines and computers controlling the brewing process from start to end including the bottling and packaging, This is t hen combines with a couple of professionals constantly examining and managing the process of production with constant control like sample taking to ensure that the quality and process is going to perfection. With this, we nooky surely say we are of to a good start. Continuing on with the quality control process we then gravel again several controls to ensure quality, like export the water from the erfect mineralization from Guadalajara, like exporting the main resources needed to ensure that their customer gets the quality expected always. After the brewing process there are several other controls like the bottle revision that ensures that they are clean, then theres another machine ensuring that they all have the perfect measurements (full) with a laser measurer, after wards a fewer samples are taken from the produced batch of the day to again lastly ensure that the quality is the desired one.Furthermore we can also observe the cost efficiency process in place. Even though the machinery implemented is valuable in the dour term it cuts cost by extensive amounts ensuring less mistakes higher quality and happier customers. The control room cuts cost by having many less workers doing the control process over the brewing production process by having it all automatized, not counting how more efficient it is.Then they cut cost by implementing this brewing tanks outside the factory were its easier to obtain the liquid in bigger quantities. But, by a long shot the most efficient cost cutting control is the logistics the factory built right near to the high way to have a quick and easy way to transport and move things. in like manner they have deals with multiple other breweries to bottle their bear were they do not have a factory in order to make it seemingly less costly and easier to distribute their product.Lastly, I will maunder about their green impact on the world, or ecological controls. Now days every company is striving to be a leader as social respo nsible and environmentally friendly. Every company ahs its motives for this, some marketing technique, others tax benefits or company reputation etc. Whats very estimable of Mahous environmental help to the world is that it not only gives good company reputation, tax, etc, its that it is cost cut also making it cost efficient.Mahous recycles 90 % or more in some cases, of their bottles and containers, due to a deal established with the distributor and maker of the beer containers. This is extremely efficient and green for the environment counting the huge amount of production and trash they are avoiding creating. With both eh process distinguishing the broken or defect bottles and the un-cleanable they have created a perfect quality, cost and environmental friendly control all in one, keeping to its invoke and reputation.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

The Princess fairytales

How shit I be manage who I am right away? This is a question that adults formulate on a daily basis. on that point is a large touchst genius of resources such as determinate figures, books and experiences, which lay or so influence your t atomic number 53. There is however, an important force that contributes to a pieces characteristics today- queen regnant levels. Fairytales argon imaginary tale of leg end upary deeds and creatures, usually intended for kidren. What is not cognize though is what effect a fairy tale has on a person today. Bruno Bettelheims The Uses of Enchantment, reveals a apocalypse on the enormous apprize of fairy tales.In ensn are to ache Bettelheims theories the fairytales The Princess and the Frog, The unretentive Mermaid, The snarf Princess and The s correctth Father of the fireside have been analyzed. Theories similar to Bettelheims by psychologists Sigmund Freud, Renee Hall and Jack Zipes are employ to describe the meanings and impor tance of these fairytales. Characters copy in these fairytales support psychologists theories such as those in Bruno Bettelheims The Uses of Enchantment that elicit that fairytales have an influence on baberen done the tenets of verity versus frolic principle, self regardy and approach to tasks. mold of characters in the fairytales Princess and the Frog, The Little Mermaid and The Mouse Princess, support psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Sigmund Freuds theories that suggest fairytales contribute to progress in a electric shaver with recognition of pleasure to the reality of life. Bruno Bettelheim develops the concept of the clean-living conscience first explored by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freuds theories says, The commands of the moral conscience come from the personal perception and appropriation of values which we discover in the stories or examples of persons we privation to be like. SG1) Freud office to say that our thoughts come from our perceptions of stories or persons that we wish to be like. Bettelheim builds on this theory, and win explains, Identification with characters teaches that there are cultivations-possibilities of progress from the pleasure principle to the reality principle. (UE43) Bettelheim means that fairytales sens ease a pip-squeak realize the difference between pleasure and reality, by the solutions characters recall to their problems. For example, in the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, the main character Tiana is characterized as a girl who wishes upon an even erupt Star.Tiana therefore finds pleasure in believing that her dreams can come true by wishing on the genius. Reality is shown to Tiana by her compriseer though, when he says, that old star can only take you part of the way, youve got to help it along with or so hard cipher of your own. (P&F8) From this fairytale, a squirt can get that success takes work and dedication, and that one mustiness not believe in success coming instantly. A nother fairytale where the reality versus pleasure principle can be shown is The Little Mermaid. Like Tiana, the little mermaid is a character who seeks pleasure in dreams of transforming from mermaid to human.The mermaids reality though, shows in the excerpt that says, A two-edged sword seemed to thrust itself finished her delicate body she fainted, and lay as though dead. (LM61) Children can learn that in reality, a sacrifice, big or small, sometimes has to be make in pasture to get to your goals in life. In the layer The Mouse Princess, pleasure is shown by the Princes brothers when they strike beauty in order to find success. Reality is shown to the brothers though, when the authors says, Indeed, there was little to choose between them for looks and arrogance. (MP206/207) The Princes brothers find that their wives were not adequate enough. A child gets the message from this fairytale that there are consequences when one does not search for quality in order to gain their d esires in life. CONCLUSION The characters delegation in the fairytales Princess and the Frog, The ordinal Father of the House, and The Little Mermaid, support the theories of psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Megge hillock Fitz-Randolph which suggest that fairytales contribute to a childs progression through the routine of self- discovery.In The Uses of Enchantment, Bettelheim states, Children are trenchant for the solutions Who am I? How ought I to deal with lifes problems? the fairytale has a conformable structure with a clear beginning and a plot that moves toward a satisfying solution which is reached at the end. (UE47/57) Bettelheim explains that fairytales provide answers to important questions that children begin to question when their lives begin. The answers that they obtain help to shape the childs process of thought, leading him to discover his capabilities.The structure provided in the fairytale in turn gives the child a guideline to honour. A child identifie s with the structures and characters, which both help the child determine why the child feels and thinks the way he or she does. Psychologist Megge Hill Fitz-Randolph, in her article entitled, Fairytales as Guide to Self Understanding, she says, Due largely due to the work of Carl Jung, Marion Woodman, Joseph Campbell and others fairy tales along with myths have require a satisfying and surprising way to get a large view of oneselfBecoming ones regular(a) self or Individuation is ceaselessly the endgame of the fairy tales journey. (MR1) Randolph simply states that through reading and understanding fairytales, one can find themselves by the end of the invention. The process of self discovery is shown in the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, when Tiana is faced with the problem of being magically rancid into a frog. Tiana finds herself when the story states, There was something special about her. She knew that my daddy taught me well.He always knew what was important. (PF54 ) Throughout the story, Tiana finds that her enduringness is staying focused to the task that she had in the beginning planned to succeed at, which was having her own restaurant. From this experience, a child learns that there whitethorn be extraordinary problems that one may encounter, but at the end of the trial, one will always learn something about himself. In the fairytale The 7th Father of the House, the traveller discovers that he has the drive to hold fast through with his plans to find a place to stay.The traveller must ask seven men in order to find a place to stay. By the end of the process, the traveller lastly asks, Good Evening Father Will you adjust me up for the night? (7F14) By the end stage of this fairytale, the traveller has learnt that he indeed has the drive to follow through on plans, even though he had to go through more men in order to get to where he has ended. From this ordeal, a child learns that in order to find yourself, or what you are good at, you must never give up.The process of self discovery can eventually be seen in the fairytale The Little Mermaid. The mermaid almost lost her life in an attempt to figure out what she truly wanted in her life. In a turn of events, the fairytale states, The knife quivered in her hand-then she flung it furthermost out in the waves she looked at the prince, she threw herself from the ship into the sea, where she felt her body dis lick into foam. (LM68) The mermaid thought she knew what she wanted, then completed that the suffering she had gone through was not worth her dream.A child can learn that one has to go through ordeals, big or small, and some may even suffer in the hopes of finally becoming the person he would like to be. CONCLUSION A characters re bequestation in the fairytales The Princess and the Frog, The Mouse Princess and The Seventh Father of the House support psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Jack Zipes theories that suggest fairytales contribute to the development of a child through the concept of the correct approach to problem work out. In The Uses of Enchantment, Bettelheim states that, too many parents want their childrens bear in mind to work out as their own do.. f he becomes more able to understand others, and eventually can interest to them in ways which are mutually satisfying and meaningful. (UE1) This means that fairytales can help a childs mind function in a manner that is understanding to them and give the child proper problem solution sciences that would be essential to them for the future. Jack Zipes analysis of problem solving through fairytales can be found in his work entitled, Why Fairytales Stick, Zipes says, fairy tales were designed to communicate ideas about natural instinct, social relations, prescriptive behaviour, character types (JZ99). Zipes suggests that a fairytale was meant to serve the function of helping to crop problems, therefore shadowing the beliefs of Bettelheim. In the fairytale The Princess an d the Frog, when Tiana turns into a frog, the reader is introduced to an unrealistic situation, but still a process where problem solving tactics are involved. Tiana was able to solve her problems by asking questions and qualification sure she received answers that would help her solve the dilemma.A child can learn the important skill of problem solving from Tiana by following in her footsteps and asking for help from the right person in order to solve a problem. In the fairytale The Seventh Father of the House, problems arise between the Prince and his brothers. The story says, But the Countess and the Dukes daughter glared haughtily at one another over their bridegrooms heads, all their past friendship forgotten in their present rivalry. (MP215) The Prince was able to successfully find a bride through this hard work and perseverance.The Prince was able to solve his problem and gain positive aspects when he earned his fathers crown, and earning the resentment of his lazy brother s. This story teaches children that without the correct problem solving skills, the result of the task will be negative. Similarly to Tiana, the traveller in The Seventh Father of the House was able to analyze the situation that he was put in, and ask a multitude of questions to several people, and finally able to find a healthy solution to his task- finding a place to stay.How have I become who I am today? This is a question that adults ponder on a daily basis. There is a large amount of resources such as authoritative figures, books and experiences, which can influence your character. There is however, an important force that contributes to a humans characteristics today- fairytales. Fairytales are fanciful tale of legendary deeds and creatures, usually intended for children. What is not known though is what effect a fairytale has on a person today. Bruno Bettelheims The Uses of Enchantment, reveals a revelation on the enormous value of fairytales.In order to support Bettelheims theories the fairytales The Princess and the Frog, The Little Mermaid, The Mouse Princess and The Seventh Father of the House have been analyzed. Theories similar to Bettelheims by psychologists Sigmund Freud, Renee Hall and Jack Zipes are used to describe the meanings and importance of these fairytales. Characters representation in these fairytales support psychologists theories such as those in Bruno Bettelheims The Uses of Enchantment that suggest that fairytales have an influence on children through the principles of reality versus pleasure principle, self discovery and approach to problems.Representation of characters in the fairytales Princess and the Frog, The Little Mermaid and The Mouse Princess, support psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Sigmund Freuds theories that suggest fairytales contribute to progress in a child through recognition of pleasure to the reality of life. Bruno Bettelheim develops the concept of the moral conscience first explored by Sigmund Freud. Sigmun d Freuds theories says, The commands of the moral conscience come from the personal perception and appropriation of values which we discover in the stories or examples of persons we want to be like. SG1) Freud means to say that our thoughts come from our perceptions of stories or persons that we wish to be like. Bettelheim builds on this theory, and further explains, Identification with characters teaches that there are developments-possibilities of progress from the pleasure principle to the reality principle. (UE43) Bettelheim means that fairytales can help a child realize the difference between pleasure and reality, through the solutions characters find to their problems. For example, in the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, the main character Tiana is characterized as a girl who wishes upon an Evening Star.Tiana therefore finds pleasure in believing that her dreams can come true by wishing on the star. Reality is shown to Tiana by her father though, when he says, that old star can only take you part of the way, youve got to help it along with some hard work of your own. (P&F8) From this fairytale, a child can learn that success takes work and dedication, and that one must not believe in success coming instantly. Another fairytale where the reality versus pleasure principle can be shown is The Little Mermaid. Like Tiana, the little mermaid is a character who seeks pleasure in dreams of transforming from mermaid to human.The mermaids reality though, shows in the excerpt that says, A two-edged sword seemed to thrust itself through her delicate body she fainted, and lay as though dead. (LM61) Children can learn that in reality, a sacrifice, big or small, sometimes has to be made in order to achieve your goals in life. In the story The Mouse Princess, pleasure is shown by the Princes brothers when they choose beauty in order to find success. Reality is shown to the brothers though, when the authors says, Indeed, there was little to choose between them for looks and arrogance. (MP206/207) The Princes brothers find that their wives were not adequate enough. A child gets the message from this fairytale that there are consequences when one does not search for quality in order to gain their desires in life. CONCLUSION The characters representation in the fairytales Princess and the Frog, The Seventh Father of the House, and The Little Mermaid, support the theories of psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Megge Hill Fitz-Randolph which suggest that fairytales contribute to a childs progression through the process of self- discovery.In The Uses of Enchantment, Bettelheim states, Children are searching for the solutions Who am I? How ought I to deal with lifes problems? the fairytale has a consistent structure with a definite beginning and a plot that moves toward a satisfying solution which is reached at the end. (UE47/57) Bettelheim explains that fairytales provide answers to important questions that children begin to question when the ir lives begin. The answers that they obtain help to shape the childs process of thought, leading him to discover his capabilities.The structure provided in the fairytale in turn gives the child a guideline to follow. A child identifies with the structures and characters, which both help the child understand why the child feels and thinks the way he or she does. Psychologist Megge Hill Fitz-Randolph, in her article entitled, Fairytales as Guide to Self Understanding, she says, Due largely due to the work of Carl Jung, Marion Woodman, Joseph Campbell and others fairy tales along with myths have become a satisfying and surprising way to get a larger view of oneselfBecoming ones authentic self or Individuation is always the endgame of the fairy tales journey. (MR1) Randolph simply states that through reading and understanding fairytales, one can find themselves by the end of the story. The process of self discovery is shown in the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, when Tiana is fac ed with the problem of being magically turned into a frog. Tiana finds herself when the story states, There was something special about her. She knew that my daddy taught me well.He always knew what was important. (PF54) Throughout the story, Tiana finds that her strength is staying focused to the task that she had originally planned to succeed at, which was having her own restaurant. From this experience, a child learns that there may be extraordinary problems that one may encounter, but at the end of the trial, one will always learn something about himself. In the fairytale The Seventh Father of the House, the traveller discovers that he has the drive to follow through with his plans to find a place to stay.The traveller must ask seven men in order to find a place to stay. By the end of the process, the traveller finally asks, Good Evening Father Will you put me up for the night? (7F14) By the end stage of this fairytale, the traveller has learnt that he indeed has the drive to f ollow through on plans, even though he had to go through many men in order to get to where he has ended. From this ordeal, a child learns that in order to find yourself, or what you are good at, you must never give up.The process of self discovery can finally be seen in the fairytale The Little Mermaid. The mermaid almost lost her life in an attempt to figure out what she truly wanted in her life. In a turn of events, the fairytale states, The knife quivered in her hand-then she flung it far out in the waves she looked at the prince, she threw herself from the ship into the sea, where she felt her body dissolving into foam. (LM68) The mermaid thought she knew what she wanted, then realized that the suffering she had gone through was not worth her dream.A child can learn that one has to go through ordeals, big or small, and some may even suffer in the hopes of finally becoming the person he would like to be. CONCLUSION A characters representation in the fairytales The Princess and t he Frog, The Mouse Princess and The Seventh Father of the House support psychologists Bruno Bettelheim and Jack Zipes theories that suggest fairytales contribute to the development of a child through the concept of the correct approach to problem solving. In The Uses of Enchantment, Bettelheim states that, too many parents want their childrens mind to function as their own do.. f he becomes more able to understand others, and eventually can relate to them in ways which are mutually satisfying and meaningful. (UE1) This means that fairytales can help a childs mind function in a manner that is understanding to them and give the child proper problem solving skills that would be essential to them for the future. Jack Zipes analysis of problem solving through fairytales can be found in his work entitled, Why Fairytales Stick, Zipes says, fairy tales were designed to communicate ideas about natural instinct, social relations, normative behaviour, character types (JZ99). Zipes suggests that a fairytale was meant to serve the function of helping to solve problems, therefore shadowing the beliefs of Bettelheim. In the fairytale The Princess and the Frog, when Tiana turns into a frog, the reader is introduced to an unrealistic situation, but still a process where problem solving tactics are involved. Tiana was able to solve her problems by asking questions and making sure she received answers that would help her solve the dilemma.A child can learn the important skill of problem solving from Tiana by following in her footsteps and asking for help from the right person in order to solve a problem. In the fairytale The Seventh Father of the House, problems arise between the Prince and his brothers. The story says, But the Countess and the Dukes daughter glared haughtily at one another over their bridegrooms heads, all their past friendship forgotten in their present rivalry. (MP215) The Prince was able to successfully find a bride through this hard work and perseveranc e.The Prince was able to solve his problem and gain positive aspects when he earned his fathers crown, and earning the resentment of his lazy brothers. This story teaches children that without the correct problem solving skills, the result of the task will be negative. Similarly to Tiana, the traveller in The Seventh Father of the House was able to analyze the situation that he was put in, and ask a multitude of questions to several people, and finally able to find a healthy solution to his task- finding a place to stay.